Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Jul 26;9(3):345-357.
doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022019. eCollection 2022.

The patterns of facial fractures in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using ordinal regression: a retrospective study of five years

Mohamad Arif Awang Nawi  1 , Nor Farid Mohd Noor  2 , Ramizu Shaari  1 , Ameera Kamal Khaleel  1 , Muhamamd Amirul Mat Lazin  1 , Ibrahim Mohammed Sulaiman  3 , Mustafa Mamat  4
Affiliations

The patterns of facial fractures in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using ordinal regression: a retrospective study of five years

Mohamad Arif Awang Nawi et al. AIMS Neurosci. .

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traumatic brain injury (TBI) will mainly contribute to disability and death by 2020. Facial fractures associated with TBI are a significant public health concern worldwide. The main etiological factors are road traffic accidents, violence, and falls. Neurological injury associated with facial fractures has been reported to be as high as 76%. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated facial fracture patterns in patients with a traumatic brain injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and evaluated their associations in our study. Ordinal regression was used to examine the facial fracture patterns in patients with traumatic brain injuries. The confounding variables were controlled using ordinal regression analysis, and probabilities of p < 0.1 were considered significant associations. The results found that zygomatic arch fracture -1.141 (95% CI, -2.487 to 0.204, p-value = 0.096), Le Fort II fracture -1.080 (95% CI, -2.138 to -0.022, p-value = 0.045), maxillary bone fracture 2.924 (95% CI, 1.784 to 4.063, p-value .001), nasal bone fracture 4.047 (95% CI, 1.243 to 6.851, p-value = 0.005), and mandibular bone fracture 1.501 (95% CI, 0.711 to 2.291, p-value .001) were the most common facial fracture types associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study provides valuable data for creating prevention plans and gives a chance to discover the epidemiology, prevalence, and connection between TBI and facial fracture.

Keywords: facial fractures; ordinal regression analysis; traumatic brain injury.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Kelamis JA, Mundinger GS, Feiner JM, et al. Isolated Bilateral Zygomatic Arch Fractures of the Facial Skeleton Are Associated with Skull Base Fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128:962–970. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182268cf3. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, et al. The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. NeuroRehabilitation. 2007;22:341–353. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2007-22502. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dawodu SD. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology: Overview, Epidemiology, Primary Injury. [[Accessed: Jul. 08, 2021]];Phys Med Reh. 2021 Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview.
    1. Avery LL, Susarla SM, Novelline RA. Multidetector and three-dimensional CT evaluation of the patient with maxillofacial injury. Radiol Clin North Am. 2011;49:183–203. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2010.07.014. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mihailova H. CLASSIFICATIONS OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES REVIEW. J IMAB. 2006;12:3–5.