Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Nov 4;22(1):285.
doi: 10.1186/s12906-022-03751-6.

Optimisation of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nanoemulsion as a potential wound healing agent

Elnaz Saki  1 , Vinuthaa Murthy  2 , Roshanak Khandanlou  3 , Hao Wang  3 , Johanna Wapling  4 , Richard Weir  5
Affiliations

Optimisation of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nanoemulsion as a potential wound healing agent

Elnaz Saki et al. BMC Complement Med Ther. .

Abstract

Background: Efficient delivery systems of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) in the form of nanoemulsion were optimised to enhance its stability and ensure its therapeutic efficiency as a potential agent for various biomedical applications.

Method: Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effects of independent variables (oil, surfactant, water percentage and homogenisation time) on physicochemical characteristics, including droplet size, polydispersity index and turbidity.

Results: The optimised CSO nanoemulsion (CSONE) has a 46.68 nm particle size, 0.15 Polydispersity index value and 1.16 turbidity. After 4 weeks of storage at 5 ± 1 °C and 25 ± 1 °C, the CSONE was physically stable. The optimised CSO nanoemulsion showed enhancement in cell viability and wound healing in baby hamster kidney a clone BHK-21 (BSR) cells as compared to the CSO. The wound healing property of CSONE was higher than CSO.

Conclusion: Thus, our in vitro wound healing results demonstrated that CSO in the nanoemulsion form can promote wound healing by enhancing the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells. The coarse emulsion of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nano emulsion was prepared using high shear homogeniser techniques. The optimised CSONE with the droplet size of 46.68 nm was prepared from a mixture of CSO, Tween 80, and high pure water (HPW), then used for the biological investigation. The in vitro cell monolayer scratch assay revealed that CSONE in the lowest concentration of CSO resulted in 100% wound closure after 48 hrs. The optimised CSO nanoemulsion was found to be a promising and effective approach in the treatment of wounds by boosting the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells.

Keywords: Cell viability; Nanoemulsion; RSM; Wound healing.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) chromatogram of fatty acids of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Response surface plots showing the interaction effect between three variables. Droplet size (a–b), Polydispersity index (c–d) and Turbidity (e–f)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Transmission electron microscopy of droplets in the optimised Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nanoemulsion (CSONE). Scale bar. A: 1 μm; B: 200 nm
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Cell Viability by MTT assay of CSO and CSONE at 24 hr., on BSR cells. The results are against the control of 100% cell viability. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO). CSO nanoemulsion (CSONE). The Tween 80 concentration used as a control was 2.6 times greater than the CSO concentration available in the nanoemulsion. Each value is the mean of three replicates with standard deviation (± 2SD) and analysed by Two-way-ANOVA (n = 3; p < 0.01)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
DPPH radical scavenging of CSO, CSONE and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The DPPH results present as Mean ± 2SD
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Wound closure photomicrograph of CSO and CSONE at 24 hr. and 48 hr. in BSR cells. Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) and CSO nanoemulsion (CSONE). A Untreated control. B Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF; positive control). C CSO1: 9.12 μg/mL.) CSO2: 4.56 μg/mL. (E) CSONE1: 9.12 μg/mL. F CSONE2: 4.56 μg/mL. Black solid lines represent the wound size (μm in length) of the BSR cell
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Ong HC, Masjuki HH, Mahlia TMI, Silitonga AS, Chong WT, Leong KY. Optimisation of biodiesel production and engine performance from high free fatty acid Calophyllum inophyllum oil in CI diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag. 2014;81:30–40.
    1. Vairamuthu G, Sundarapandian S, Thangagiri B. Experimental investigations on the influence of properties of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy. 2016;37(6):616–624.
    1. Silitonga A, Ong HC, Mahlia T, Masjuki H, Chong W. Biodiesel conversion from high FFA crude Jatropha Curcas, Calophyllum Inophyllum and Ceiba Pentandra oil. Energy Procedia. 2014;61:480–483.
    1. Pawar KD, Joshi SP, Bhide SR, Thengane SR. Pattern of anti-HIV dipyranocoumarin expression in callus cultures of Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. J Biotechnol. 2007;130(4):346–353. - PubMed
    1. Spino C, Dodier M, Sotheeswaran S. Anti-HIV coumarins from Calophyllum seed oil. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998;8(24):3475–3478. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources