Complications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread condition that predisposes patients to a myriad of complications, including cardiovascular disease, electrolyte and acid-base derangements, anemia, mineral-bone disease, and volume excess. The frequency of CKD complications increases with the stage of disease, becoming nearly ubiquitous in later stages. The complications of CKD have profound implications for patient management, laboratory monitoring, medication prescribing, and follow up. Management of CKD seeks to slow disease progression and mitigate the risks posed by these complications.

Keywords: Anemia; Bone–mineral metabolism; Cardiovascular disease; Chronic kidney disease (CKD); Complications; Hyperkalemia; Hypertension; Metabolic acidosis.