Genomics and transcriptomics to protect rice (Oryza sativa. L.) from abiotic stressors: -pathways to achieving zero hunger

Abstract

More over half of the world's population depends on rice as a major food crop. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is vulnerable to abiotic challenges including drought, cold, and salinity since it grown in semi-aquatic, tropical, or subtropical settings. Abiotic stress resistance has bred into rice plants since the earliest rice cultivation techniques. Prior to the discovery of the genome, abiotic stress-related genes were identified using forward genetic methods, and abiotic stress-tolerant lines have developed using traditional breeding methods. Dynamic transcriptome expression represents the degree of gene expression in a specific cell, tissue, or organ of an individual organism at a specific point in its growth and development. Transcriptomics can reveal the expression at the entire genome level during stressful conditions from the entire transcriptional level, which can be helpful in understanding the intricate regulatory network relating to the stress tolerance and adaptability of plants. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene families found comparatively using the reference genome sequences of other plant species, allowing for genome-wide identification. Transcriptomics via gene expression profiling which have recently dominated by RNA-seq complements genomic techniques. The identification of numerous important qtl,s genes, promoter elements, transcription factors and miRNAs involved in rice response to abiotic stress was made possible by all of these genomic and transcriptomic techniques. The use of several genomes and transcriptome methodologies to comprehend rice (Oryza sativa, L.) ability to withstand abiotic stress have been discussed in this review.

Keywords: L.); abiotic stress; adaptability; gene; genomics; rice (Oryza sativa; transcriptomics.

Figure 1

Common abiotic stresses effecting Rice crop.

Figure 2

Stress response in Rice crop.

Figure 3

Genomic methods for Rice improvement are. Three main groups of genomic techniques are distinguished: (1) structural genomics, which involves general gene structure and aids in the creation of physical maps; (2) functional genomics, which uses approaches such as gene inactivation and gene editing to identify a gene’s specific function; and (3) comparative genomics, which uses the reference genome sequence of a species to identify gene families in the species of interest.

Figure 4

Workflow for transcriptomic techniques for crop improvement Transcriptomics entails the extraction of an organism’s total RNA at a specific time point and under a specific environmental situation, which is then processed differently for expression analysis. Reverse transcriptase is used to create cDNAs for EST and microarray research, and cDNA libraries are then created. For the purpose of creating ESTs and microarray probes for expression profiling, this might be sequenced. If not, the total RNA could be normalised and sequenced in order to identify all the genes with differential expression. qRT-PCR offers additional validation. KEGG analysis and gene ontology aid in the functional connection of discovered genes.