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. 2022 Nov 8;19(1):77.
doi: 10.1186/s12986-022-00711-2.

Beneficial effect of time-restricted eating on blood pressure: a systematic meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis

Weihao Wang #  1 , Ran Wei #  1   2 , Qi Pan  3 , Lixin Guo  4   5
Affiliations

Beneficial effect of time-restricted eating on blood pressure: a systematic meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis

Weihao Wang et al. Nutr Metab (Lond). .

Abstract

Background: As a cardiometabolic disease, hypertension has shown an obvious upward trend, becoming a global epidemic chronic disease. Lifestyle intervention is a fundamental method for lowering blood pressure. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) on blood pressure.

Methods: Studies were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to evaluate the effects of TRE on blood pressure. The time frame of search was from the start of database construction until July 14, 2022.There were no language restrictions. Meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed using Stata version 16. The weighted mean difference with 95% CI was used to assess the effect of TRE on blood pressure, heart rate, weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides. The main ending of this article were blood pressure and heart rate, while the secondary ending were weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides.

Results: Ten randomized controlled trials involving 694 patients were identified. TRE significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean difference = -4.15; 95% CI: -6.73, -2.30; P < 0.0001), but had no significant effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mean difference = -2.06; 95% CI: -4.16, 0.02; P = 0.053) and no beneficial effect on heart rate (mean difference = 0.36; 95% CI: -2.83, 3.54; P = 0.0825). TRE promoted weight loss (mean difference = -1.63; 95% CI: -2.61, -0.64; P = 0.001) and decreased blood glucose levels (mean difference = -2.80; 95% CI: -4.64, -0.96; P = 0.003), but had no significant effect on total cholesterol (mean difference = 0.03, 95% CI: -10.01, 10.08; P = 0.995), HDL-C (mean difference = 0.85, 95% CI: -1.80, 3.49; P = 0.531), LDL-C (mean difference = -0.86, 95% CI: -6.47, 4.76; P = 0.764), or triglycerides (mean difference = -3.524, 95% CI: -9.49, 2.45; P = 0.248). In a separate meta-regression analysis, the degree of SBP change was related to weight loss (P = 0.044) but not to glucose improvement (P = 0.867).

Conclusions: The present meta-analysis suggests that TRE significantly reduced SBP, while no effect of reducing DBP was seen. The observed lower blood pressure may be attributed to significant weight loss. The effects of TRE on heart rate and blood lipid levels were not apparent.

Keywords: Blood pressure; Meta-analysis; Time-restricted eating.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of the study selection
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plots of TRE vs. normal dietary eating in overall analyses, and a based on SBP changes b based on SBP changes c based on heart rate changes; d based on weight changes; and e based on blood glucose. TRE, time-restricted eating; SBP, systolic blood pressure
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Forest plots of TRE vs. normal eating dietary on blood lipids a based on cholesterol levels; b based on HDL-C; c based on LDL-C; and d based on triglycerides. TRE time-restricted eating; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Filled funnel plots of TRE vs. normal dietary eating a based on SBP changes; b based on SBP changes; c based on heart rate changes; d based on weight changes; e based on blood glucose levels; f based on cholesterol; g based on HDL-C; h based on the LDL-C; i based on triglycerides. TRE time-restricted eating; SBP systolic blood pressure; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The quality of evidence assessment
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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