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Review
. 2022 Oct 25;12(11):919.
doi: 10.3390/bios12110919.

What Is Left for Real-Life Lactate Monitoring? Current Advances in Electrochemical Lactate (Bio)Sensors for Agrifood and Biomedical Applications

Juan José García-Guzmán  1 , Alfonso Sierra-Padilla  2 , José María Palacios-Santander  2 , Juan Jesús Fernández-Alba  3 , Carmen González Macías  3 , Laura Cubillana-Aguilera  2
Affiliations
Review

What Is Left for Real-Life Lactate Monitoring? Current Advances in Electrochemical Lactate (Bio)Sensors for Agrifood and Biomedical Applications

Juan José García-Guzmán et al. Biosensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Monitoring of lactate is spreading from the evident clinical environment, where its role as a biomarker is notorious, to the agrifood ambit as well. In the former, lactate concentration can serve as a useful indicator of several diseases (e.g., tumour development and lactic acidosis) and a relevant value in sports performance for athletes, among others. In the latter, the spotlight is placed on the food control, bringing to the table meaningful information such as decaying product detection and stress monitoring of species. No matter what purpose is involved, electrochemical (bio)sensors stand as a solid and suitable choice. However, for the time being, this statement seems to be true only for discrete measurements. The reality exposes that real and continuous lactate monitoring is still a troublesome goal. In this review, a critical overview of electrochemical lactate (bio)sensors for clinical and agrifood situations is performed. Additionally, the transduction possibilities and different sensor designs approaches are also discussed. The main aim is to reflect the current state of the art and to indicate relevant advances (and bottlenecks) to keep in mind for further development and the final achievement of this highly worthy objective.

Keywords: agrifood control; biomedicine; e-health; electrochemical (bio)sensors; lactate monitoring; sports medicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of relevant high-value situations for real and continuous lactate monitoring, (a) wine production and (b) intensive care units (ICUs).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scheme of main transduction mechanisms for lactate electrochemical (bio)sensors: amperometric (a); voltammetric (b) and field-effect transistor (c).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scheme of different enzyme immobilisation approaches: (a) adsorption, (b) physical entrapment, (c) oriented covalent binding, (d) random covalent binding and (e) crosslinking methods.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Main alternate approaches to enzyme-based lactate sensors: (a) nanomaterials, (b) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and (c) molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs).
Figure 5
Figure 5
General scheme of the performance of a wireless wearable lactate amperometric biosensor for sweat monitoring.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Several wearable lactate sensor examples: epidermal tattoo (a) [85], mouthguard (b) [84], bioelectronic sock (c) [86] and biosensor lens (d) [87].
Figure 7
Figure 7
The most eminent applications of lactate biosensors in food industries.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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