Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Nov 9;12(11):1088.
doi: 10.3390/metabo12111088.

Dietary Effect of Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein on Growth, Intestinal Histology and Flesh Lipid Metabolism of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Based on Metabolomics

Pinxian Yang  1   2   3 , Xiaoqin Li  1   2   3 , Wenxiang Yao  1   2   3 , Menglu Li  1   2   3 , Yuanyuan Wang  1   2   3 , Xiangjun Leng  1   2   3
Affiliations

Dietary Effect of Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein on Growth, Intestinal Histology and Flesh Lipid Metabolism of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Based on Metabolomics

Pinxian Yang et al. Metabolites. .

Abstract

Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) is a new single-cell protein explored in aquatic feeds in recent years. This study investigated the dietary effects of CAP replacing fishmeal (FM) on the growth, intestinal histology and flesh metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In a basal diet containing 700 g/kg of FM, CAP was used to substitute 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 70% and 100% of dietary FM to form six isonitrogenous diets (Con, CAP-15, CAP-30, CAP-45, CAP-70, CAP-100) to feed largemouth bass (80.0 g) for 12 weeks. Only the CAP-100 group showed significantly lower weight gain (WG) and a higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control (p < 0.05). A broken-line analysis based on WG and FCR showed that the suitable replacement of FM with CAP was 67.1−68.0%. The flesh n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, intestinal protease activity, villi width and height in the CAP-100 group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the metabolic pathway in flesh was mainly enriched in the “lipid metabolic pathway”, “amino acid metabolism”, “endocrine system” and “carbohydrate metabolism”. In conclusion, CAP could successfully replace 67.1−68.0% of dietary FM, while the complete substitution decreased the growth, damaged the intestinal morphology and down-regulated the lipid metabolites.

Keywords: Clostridium autoethanogenum; growth; intestinal healthy; largemouth bass; lipid metabolomics.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Broken-line analysis of weight gain (a) and feed conversion ratio (b) against substituted ratio of fish meal with CAP.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relationship between CAP addition level and weight gain (a)/feed conversion ratio (b) for largemouth bass. Data are fitted with a nonlinear regression model (binomial regression model).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The foregut tissue structure of largemouth bass (40×). (a) Foregut tissue of control group; (b) foregut tissue of CAP-15 group; (c) foregut tissue of CAP-30 group; (d) foregut tissue of CAP-45 group; (e) foregut tissue of CAP-70 group; (f) foregut tissue of CAP-100 group. Note: The scale bar in the figure is the magnification contrast of micrograph.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The foregut tissue structure of largemouth bass (40×). (a) Foregut tissue of control group; (b) foregut tissue of CAP-15 group; (c) foregut tissue of CAP-30 group; (d) foregut tissue of CAP-45 group; (e) foregut tissue of CAP-70 group; (f) foregut tissue of CAP-100 group. Note: The scale bar in the figure is the magnification contrast of micrograph.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PCA score plots and PLS–DA score plots of muscle metabolomics. (a) PCA score plots of muscle metabolomics; (b) PLS–DA score plots of ESI+ mode and ESI− mode; (c) internal validation of PLS–DA score plots.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PCA score plots and PLS–DA score plots of muscle metabolomics. (a) PCA score plots of muscle metabolomics; (b) PLS–DA score plots of ESI+ mode and ESI− mode; (c) internal validation of PLS–DA score plots.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Volcano plots for the potential metabolomic features of muscle samples. (a) Volcano plots between CAP-30 and control group; (b) CAP-70 and control group; and (c) CAP-100 and control group.
Figure 6
Figure 6
KEGG pathway classification of differently expressed metabolites. (a) KEGG pathway classification between CAP-30 and control group; (b) CAP-70 and control group; and (c) CAP-100 and control group.
Figure 6
Figure 6
KEGG pathway classification of differently expressed metabolites. (a) KEGG pathway classification between CAP-30 and control group; (b) CAP-70 and control group; and (c) CAP-100 and control group.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Xu T., Peng X., Chen Y., Lin S., Huang X., Li Y. Effects of replacing fish meal with fermented mulberry leaves on the growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) J. Fish. China. 2016;40:1408–1415. doi: 10.11964/jfc.20150609909. - DOI
    1. He M., Li X.Q., Poolsawa L., Guo Z.H., Yao W.X., Zhang C.Y., Leng X.J. Effects of fish meal replaced by fermented soybean meal on growth performance, intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Aquac. Nutr. 2020;26:1058–1071. doi: 10.1111/anu.13064. - DOI
    1. Zheng Y., Peng C., Wu X., Han F., Xue M., Wang J., Hu L. Effects of hydrolyzed yeast on growth performance, lipids metabolism and intestinal structure of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2015;27:1605–1612. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.05.000. - DOI
    1. Ren X., Wang Y., Chen J., Wu Y.B., Huang D., Jiang D.L., Li P. Replacement of fishmeal with a blend of poultry by-product meal and soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. J. World Aquac. Soc. 2018;49:155–164. doi: 10.1111/jwas.12415. - DOI
    1. Aas T.S., Grisdale-Helland B., Terjesen B.F., Helland S.J. Improved growth and nutrient utilisation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets containing a bacterial protein meal. Aquaculture. 2006;259:365–376. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.032. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources