Effects of Benzene: Hematological and Hypersensitivity Manifestations in Resident Living in Oil Refinery Areas

Abstract

Literature is teeming with publications on industrial pollution. Over the decades, the main industrial pollutants and their effects on human health have been widely framed. Among the various compounds involved, benzene plays a leading role in the onset of specific diseases. Two systems are mainly affected by the adverse health effects of benzene exposure, both acute and chronic: the respiratory and hematopoietic systems. The most suitable population targets for a proper damage assessment on these systems are oil refinery workers and residents near refining plants. Our work fits into this area of interest with the aim of reviewing the most relevant cases published in the literature related to the impairment of the aforementioned systems following benzene exposure. We perform an initial debate between the two clinical branches that see a high epidemiological expression in this slice of the population examined: residents near petroleum refinery areas worldwide. In addition, the discussion expands on highlighting the main immunological implications of benzene exposure, finding a common pathophysiological denominator in inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, thus helping to set the basis for an increasingly detailed characterization aimed at identifying common molecular patterns between the two clinical fields discussed.

Keywords: VOCs; asthma; benzene; environmental pollutants; hematologic malignancies; hypersensitivity; inflammation; oil refineries; petrochemical plants; petroleum refineries.

Figure 1

The principal steps of benzene metabolism, its products, and the involved enzymes.

Figure 2

Schematic representation of involved pathways, mechanisms and effects on HSCs exerted by benzene in hematological compartment.

Figure 3

Respiratory-related hypersensitivity effects and immunological actors in benzene exposure.