Antibiotic Resistance and Species Profile of Enterococcus Species in Dogs with Chronic Otitis Externa

Abstract

Otitis externa, a common disease in dogs, has different etiologies. Enterococcus is a Gram-positive bacterium that frequently causes opportunistic ear infections. Here, we determined the distribution of Enterococcus in canine otitis externa via time-of-flight mass spectrometry and biochemical tests and evaluated their resistance patterns to 10 commonly used antibiotics. Among the 197 Enterococcus isolates, E. faecalis (48.7%; 96/197) was the most common, followed by E. faecium (21.3%; 42/197), E. casseliflavus (11.7%; 23/197), E. hirae (10.7%; 21/197), E. avium (3.6%; 7/197), E. gallinarum (2.5%; 5/197), E. canintestini (1.0%; 2/197), and E. durans (0.5%; 1/197). All isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Enterococcus faecalis strains were highly resistant to erythromycin (45.8%) and rifampin (34.3%) but were generally susceptible to penicillin class antibiotics. In contrast, E. faecium isolates were highly resistant to penicillin class antibiotics (ampicillin, 61.9%; penicillin, 71.4%). Most importantly, E. faecium demonstrated high resistance to most of the antibiotics used in this study. Multidrug resistance was found in 28.4% of the isolates (56/197). This study shows prevalence and antibiotics resistance profiles of Enterococcus species in canine chronic otitis externa. The results can contribute to establish therapeutic strategies of Enterococcus infections and be used as a comparable index of antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus in the future.

Keywords: Enterococcus; antibiotic resistance; multidrug resistance; otitis externa.

Figure 1

Distribution of Enterococcus strains isolated from dogs with chronic otitis externa.

Figure 2

Antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterococcus strains isolated from dogs with otitis externa. (A) E. faecalis. (B) E. faecium. (C) E. hirae. (D) E. casseliflavus. AMP, ampicillin; PEN, penicillin; DOX, doxycycline; VAN, vancomycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; LVX, levofloxacin; LZD, linezolid; ERY, erythromycin; CHL, chloramphenicol; and RIF, rifampin. Striped, susceptible; gray, intermediate; and black, resistant.

Figure 3

Cumulative percentages of multidrug resistance in Enterococcus isolates of six species. E. faecalis (23/96; 23.9%), E. faecium (28/42; 66.7%), E. avium (1/7; 14.3%), E. casseliflavus (2/23; 8.7%), E. canintestini (1/2; 50%), and E. hirae (0/21; 0%).