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. 2022 Nov 6;11(11):1563.
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11111563.

Outstanding Enrofloxacin Removal Using an Unmodified Low-Cost Sorbent Prepared from the Leaves of Pyracantha koidzumii

Rubén Martínez-Escutia  1 , Abraham Méndez-Albores  1 , Alma Vázquez-Durán  1
Affiliations

Outstanding Enrofloxacin Removal Using an Unmodified Low-Cost Sorbent Prepared from the Leaves of Pyracantha koidzumii

Rubén Martínez-Escutia et al. Antibiotics (Basel). .

Abstract

Increasing discharges of synthetic antimicrobial agents from industrial and municipal sewage, as well as from agricultural runoffs into water bodies, is still a global challenge. Here, an unmodified low-cost sorbent was prepared in an ecofriendly manner from Pyracantha koidzumii leaves for the removal of enrofloxacin (ENR). Sorbent characterization was accomplished using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), BET surface area, zeta potential, and point of zero charge. Biosorption assays were carried out via batch mode concerning the impact of adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH, solution ionic strength, adsorbate concentration, and temperature. In general, ENR adsorption was significantly correlated with pH and ionic strength. At a neutral pH, the sorbent had a theoretical maximal ENR uptake of 138.89 mg/g. However, the adsorption capacity was significantly affected by the presence of high concentrations of divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+). The findings from the kinetics and isotherms showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models best fit the experimental data. Electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking were the most important mechanisms of adsorption of ENR onto the P. koidzumii sorbent. Overall, this study suggests the promising application of this agricultural residue for the efficient removal of ENR from water.

Keywords: adsorption; agro-waste-based sorbent; aqueous media; enrofloxacin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Fourier transform infrared spectra of the P. koidzumii sorbent (before and after adsorption) and the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin.
Figure 2
Figure 2
SEM-micrograph of the P. koidzumii sorbent. The upper part of image (a) is shown (b) at higher magnification.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Zeta potential and point of zero charge of the P. koidzumii sorbent.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The effect of adsorbent dosage on the removal of enrofloxacin (contact time 1440 min; 100 mg ENR/L; pH 7; and temperature 298 K). For each parameter, those means that do not share a common superscript differ significantly (Tukey p < 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The effect of contact time on the removal of enrofloxacin (adsorbent dose 8 g/L; 100 mg ENR/L; pH 7; and temperature 298 K). Those means that do not share a common superscript differ significantly (Tukey p < 0.05).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Kinetic models of enrofloxacin adsorption onto P. koidzumii sorbent (adsorbent dose 8 g/L; 100 mg ENR/L; pH 7; and temperature 298 K). (a) Pseudo-first-order, (b) pseudo-second-order, and (c) intraparticle diffusion models.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The effect of solution pH on the sorption of enrofloxacin onto P. koidzumii sorbent (adsorbent dose 8 g/L; 100 mg ENR/L; contact time 40 min; and temperature 298 K). Those means that do not share a common superscript differ significantly (Tukey p < 0.05).
Figure 8
Figure 8
The effect of solution ion strength on the sorption of enrofloxacin onto the P. koidzumii sorbent (adsorbent dose 8 g/L; 100 mg ENR/L; contact time 40 min; pH 7; and temperature 298 K). Those means that do not share a common superscript differ significantly (Tukey p < 0.05).
Figure 9
Figure 9
The effect of adsorbate concentration on the sorption of enrofloxacin onto P. koidzumii sorbent (adsorbent dose 8 g/L; contact time 40 min; pH 7; and temperature 298 K). Those means that do not share a common superscript differ significantly (Tukey p < 0.05). ns = not significant.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Mechanisms proposed for the adsorption of enrofloxacin onto P. koidzumii sorbent.
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a) Enrofloxacin desorption using different eluents, and (b) the reusability study of the P. koidzumii sorbent (adsorbent dose 8 g/L; 100 mg ENR/L; desorption time 40 min; and temperature 298 K). Those means that do not share a common superscript differ significantly (Tukey p < 0.05).
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