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. 2022 Oct 27;12(11):2612.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12112612.

Functionalized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody

Mohd Abubakar Sadique  1   2 , Shalu Yadav  1   2 , Vedika Khare  3 , Raju Khan  1   2 , Gagan Kant Tripathi  3 , Purnima Swarup Khare  3
Affiliations

Functionalized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody

Mohd Abubakar Sadique et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

The advancement in biosensors can overcome the challenges faced by conventional diagnostic techniques for the detection of the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hence, the development of an accurate, rapid, sensitive, and selective diagnostic technique can mitigate adverse health conditions caused by SARS-CoV-2. This work proposes the development of an electrochemical immunosensor based on bio-nanocomposites for the sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electroanalytical method. The facile synthesis of chitosan-functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposites) is performed using the sol-gel method. Characterization of the TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposite is accomplished using UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performance is studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), DPV, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for its electroanalytical and biosensing capabilities. The developed immunosensing platform has a high sensitivity with a wide range of detection from 50 ag mL-1 to 1 ng mL-1. The detection limit of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody in buffer media is obtained to be 3.42 ag mL-1 and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to be 10.38 ag mL-1. The electrochemical immunosensor has high selectivity in different interfering analytes and is stable for 10 days. The results suggest that the developed electrochemical immunosensor can be applicable for real sample analysis and further high-throughput testing.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 N protein; SARS-CoV-2 antibody; chitosan; electrochemical immunosensor; titanium dioxide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
(a) Illustration of the production of TiO2 NPs and TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposite. (b) Schematic representation of a working electrode being modified in stages for the construction of an electrochemical immunosensing platform for SARS-CoV-2 antibody.
Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) UV-vis spectra; (b) Raman spectra of synthesized TiO2 NPs and TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposite.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XRD spectra of TiO2 NPs and TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposite.
Figure 3
Figure 3
TEM images (a) at 100 nm, (b) HR-TEM, and (c) SAED pattern of TiO2 NPs; TEM images (d) at 100 nm, (e) HR-TEM, and (f) SAED pattern of TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposite.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Correlative electrochemical characterization via the following: (a) CV; (b) DPV; (c) regression curve of scan rate of TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposite (i, iv) and fabricated electrochemical immunosensor (ii, iii), corresponding to anodic and cathodic peak current values; (d) Nyquist plot; (e,f) bode plots of bare GCE-, GCE/TiO2-, GCE/TiO2-CS-, GCE/TiO2-CS/Antigen-, and GCE/TiO2-CS/Antigen/BSA-modified electrochemical immunosensors.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Voltammetric detection of the electrochemical immunosensor with varied concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 antibody (50 ag mL−1–1 ng mL−1); (b) calibration graph illustrating the linearity of the electrochemical immunosensors.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Stability and (b) selectivity study of the immunosensing platform (concentration of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in above studies is 50 ng mL−1).
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