Organic Honey from the Middle Atlas of Morocco: Physicochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Properties, Pollen Spectra, and Sugar Profiles

Abstract

This work aimed to characterize and compare the physicochemical, ascorbic acid, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds, as well as the antioxidant properties, pollen spectra, and sugar profiles of twenty-three organic honeys produced in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. As results, the pollen analysis showed 22 taxa and revealed the dominance of Ziziphus lotus pollens for all monofloral honeys. The moisture content ranged from 15.9 to 19.0%, pH values werebetween 3.9 and 4.8, electrical conductivity varied from 100 to 581 µs/cm, ash content varied from 0.1 to 2.4%, and the invertase activity ranged from 3.5 to 36 U/kg. Moreover, hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) varied from 1.2 to 13.5 mg/kg, which confirmed the freshness of our honey samples. For the sugar profiles, there were no significant differences between the examined groups of honeys (p > 0.05) for both fructose and glucose. Additionally, our study showed good antioxidant properties (total antioxidant activity ranged from 34.18 to 131.20 mg AAE/g; DPPH IC50 values ranged from 8.14 to 45.20 mg/mL; ABTS IC50 values ranged from 8.19 to 32.76 mg/mL) and high amounts of phenolic compounds ranging between 20.92 ± 0.03 and 155.89 ± 0.03 mg GAE/100 g, respectively; flavonoid compounds ranged from 5.52 to 20.69 mg QE/100 g, and ascorbic acid ranged from 8.01 to 23.26 mg/100 g. Overall, the proximate composition and the general characterization of organic monofloral and polyfloral honeys as sustainable and health-promising functional products may increase their commercial values, promote their marketability, and might have a significant impact on the basic circular/sustainable economy as a solid lever for solidarity economic development, especially in the rural/poor Moroccan communities. The investigated features may allow and support the incorporation of Moroccan organic honeys and their biovaluable ingredients in the nutraceutical and food industries for multiple purposes.

Keywords: Middle Atlas of Morocco; antioxidant potential; honey quality; melissopalynological analysis; physicochemical characterization; sugar contents.

Figure 1

Principal component analysis (PCA) of honey:(A) PC1:30.72%, PC2:26.08.07%; and (B) PC1:33.10%, PC2:16.16%. Relationship between honey physicochemical and sugar profile (score and loading biplot). Aw: water activity, TPC: total phenolic compounds, color, pH, HMF: hydroxy methyl furfural, TSS: total soluble solids, MOI: moisture, LA: lactonic acidity, FA: free acidity, CON: conductivity, ash, IS: saccharase index, tréh: trehalose, Pano: panose, Mélé: melezitose, Méli: melibiose, Erl: erlose, Palat: palatinose, Fruc: fructose, Glu: glucose, Raff: raffinose, Malt: maltose, Maltotri: maltotriose, Tur: turanose, Sacc:saccharose.

Figure 1

Principal component analysis (PCA) of honey:(A) PC1:30.72%, PC2:26.08.07%; and (B) PC1:33.10%, PC2:16.16%. Relationship between honey physicochemical and sugar profile (score and loading biplot). Aw: water activity, TPC: total phenolic compounds, color, pH, HMF: hydroxy methyl furfural, TSS: total soluble solids, MOI: moisture, LA: lactonic acidity, FA: free acidity, CON: conductivity, ash, IS: saccharase index, tréh: trehalose, Pano: panose, Mélé: melezitose, Méli: melibiose, Erl: erlose, Palat: palatinose, Fruc: fructose, Glu: glucose, Raff: raffinose, Malt: maltose, Maltotri: maltotriose, Tur: turanose, Sacc:saccharose.