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. 2022 Oct 29;9(11):1659.
doi: 10.3390/children9111659.

Possibilities of Influencing Procedural Pain Associated with Premature Newborn Retinopathy Screening with Oral Clonidine

Jiri Dusek  1   2 , Eliska Simkova  3 , Eva Fendrstatova  1 , Radim J Sram  4 , Hana Kotouckova  5 , Jan Voracek  6
Affiliations

Possibilities of Influencing Procedural Pain Associated with Premature Newborn Retinopathy Screening with Oral Clonidine

Jiri Dusek et al. Children (Basel). .

Abstract

Background: The aim of our study was to compare the analgesic/sedative effects of various fundus-related procedural pain management strategies on the risk of retinopathy in premature infants.

Method: This was a prospective comparative study involving a total of 94 neonates randomized to three groups meeting the criteria for at-risk neonates. Ophthalmologic screening was performed to evaluate the outcome of three procedural pain management strategies. The intensity of pain over time during and after the screening examination was evaluated. At the same time, we also looked at the occurrence of vegetative symptoms and their influence by the chosen medication. Pain response was observed in all 94 neonates enrolled in the study. In group A, no pain treatment was given. Group B had a local anesthetic oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4% introduced into both eyes immediately prior to the examination. Group C received oral clonidine. The study was conducted as a pilot project and aimed to clarify the problem so that a project with a higher proband representation could take place in the future. Consequently, we performed quantitative analysis of complete pain and vegetative functions, followed by a qualitative analysis of their internal components.

Results: In our study, we identified the most considerable effects for all three groups, including NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) responses immediately during and after the examination. The influence of vegetative functions is of a longer-term nature and increased values can be clearly demonstrated even six hours after the examination.

Conclusion: The current results identify and quantify differences among all three methods of pain treatment on the level of single variables. Their internal structures, however, can be analysed only qualitatively because of the small size of the analysed sample.

Keywords: clonidine; oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4%; procedural pain; retinopathy in premature newborns.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Group A (except for standard mydriatic eye drops as usual care)—NIPS scale. (B) Group A (except for standard mydriatic eye drops as usual care)—vegetative symptoms.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Group B instilled the local anesthetic oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4% NIPS scale. (B) Group B instilled the local anesthetic oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4%—vegetative symptoms.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Group C receiving the local anesthetic clonidine (oral)—NIPS scale. (B) Group C receiving the local anesthetic clonidine (oral)—NIPS scale.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Group C receiving the local anesthetic clonidine (oral)—NIPS scale. (B) Group C receiving the local anesthetic clonidine (oral)—NIPS scale.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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