Problematic Internet Use among Adolescents 18 Months after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

Studies in recent years and especially since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic have shown a significant increase in the problematic use of computer games and social media. Adolescents having difficulties in regulating their unpleasant emotions are especially prone to Problematic Internet Use (PIU), which is why emotion dysregulation has been considered a risk factor for PIU. The aim of the present study was to assess problematic internet use (PIU) in adolescents after the third wave (nearly 1.5 years after the onset in Europe) of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the German region of Siegen-Wittgenstein, all students 12 years and older from secondary-level schools, vocational schools and universities were offered a prioritized vaccination in August 2021 with an approved vaccine against COVID-19. In this context, the participants filled out the Short Compulsive Internet Use Scale (SCIUS) and two additional items to capture a possible change in digital media usage time and regulation of negative affect due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A multiple regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of PIU. The original sample consisted of 1477 participants, and after excluding invalid cases the final sample size amounted to 1268 adolescents aged 12-17 (x = 14.37 years, SD = 1.64). The average prevalence of PIU was 43.69%. Gender, age, digital media usage time and the intensity of negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic were all found to be significant predictors of PIU: female gender, increasing age, longer digital media usage time and higher intensity of negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with higher SCIUS total scores. This study found a very high prevalence of PIU among 12- to 17-year-olds for the period after the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased significantly compared to pre-pandemic prevalence rates. PIU is emerging as a serious problem among young people in the pandemic. Besides gender and age, pandemic-associated time of digital media use and emotion regulation have an impact on PIU, which provides starting points for preventive interventions.

Keywords: COVID-19; adolescent; emotional dysregulation; internet addiction; pandemic; problematic internet use.

Figure 3

Selected PIU prevalence rates, depending on the year of publication, country the data were collected in and measurement instrument used. Column 1: year of publication, column 2: country (KOR = South Korea, GRE = Greece, USA = United States of America, BAN = Bangladesh, ITA = Italy, ESP = Spain, CHN = China, LBN = Lebanon, TUR = Turkey, GER = Germany), column 3: reference and column 4: measurement instrument used. Blue: data from before the pandemic were used, red: data from during the pandemic were used. Refs in figure are [17,18,23,46,47,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,77].

Figure 1

Flow of participants.

Figure 2

Results of scree plot of explanatory factor analysis of SCIUS.