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Review
. 2022 Nov 4;23(21):13521.
doi: 10.3390/ijms232113521.

Androgen Metabolism and Response in Prostate Cancer Anti-Androgen Therapy Resistance

Haozhe Zhang  1 , Yi Zhou  1 , Zengzhen Xing  1 , Rajiv Kumar Sah  1 , Junqi Hu  1 , Hailiang Hu  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Androgen Metabolism and Response in Prostate Cancer Anti-Androgen Therapy Resistance

Haozhe Zhang et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

All aspects of prostate cancer evolution are closely related to androgen levels and the status of the androgen receptor (AR). Almost all treatments target androgen metabolism pathways and AR, from castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Alterations in androgen metabolism and its response are one of the main reasons for prostate cancer drug resistance. In this review, we will introduce androgen metabolism, including how the androgen was synthesized, consumed, and responded to in healthy people and prostate cancer patients, and discuss how these alterations in androgen metabolism contribute to the resistance to anti-androgen therapy.

Keywords: androgen metabolism; androgen receptor; anti-androgen therapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Androgen de novo synthesis and metabolic pathways.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Glucuronidation and androgen catabolism. HK1—Hexokinase 1; PGM—Glucose phosphatase; UGP2—UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2; UGDH—UDP-Glc dehydrogenase.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Snapshots of changes in AR and AR pathways in PCa anti-androgen resistance.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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