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Review
. 2022 Nov 1;12(11):1758.
doi: 10.3390/life12111758.

A Comprehensive Review on the Efficacy of Several Pharmacologic Agents for the Treatment of COVID-19

Fatma Haddad  1   2 , Ghadeer Dokmak  1 , Rafik Karaman  1   3
Affiliations
Review

A Comprehensive Review on the Efficacy of Several Pharmacologic Agents for the Treatment of COVID-19

Fatma Haddad et al. Life (Basel). .

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), and the cause of the pandemic is extremely contagious among people and has spread around the world. Antivirals, immunomodulators, and other medications, such as antibiotics, stem cells, and plasma therapy, have all been utilized in the treatment of COVID-19. To better understand the clinical efficacy of these agents and to aid in the selection of effective COVID-19 therapies in various countries, this study reviewed the effectiveness of the various pharmacologic agents that have been used for COVID-19 therapy globally by summarizing the clinical outcomes that have been obtained from the clinical trials published on each drug related to COVID-19 infection. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized the use of remdesivir, paxlovid, molnupiravir, baricitinib, tixagevimab-cilgavimab, and bebtelovimab for the management of COVID-19. On the other hand, most research advises against using chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 patients because they are not beneficial. Although the FDA has given emergency use authorization for some monoclonal antibodies, including bamlanivimab, etesevimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab for managing COVID-19, they are not currently approved for use because the Omicron variant has significantly reduced their in vitro susceptibility. In this study, we also included a wide range of alternative therapy strategies that effectively treat COVID-19 patients, although further randomized studies are necessary to support and assess their applicability.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; antivirals; immunomodulators; monoclonal antibodies.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The chemical structures of (a) Remdesivir, (b) Lopinavir, (c) Ritonavir, (d) Favipiravir, (e) Umifenovir, (f) Molnupiravir, (g) Nirmatrelvir, and (h) Ivermectin are depicted in this diagram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The chemical structures of (a) Dexamethasone, (b) Hydrocortisone, (c) Methylprednisolone, (d) Budesonide, (e) Ciclesonide, (f) Chloroquine, (g) Hydroxychloroquine, (h) Colchicine, (i) Baricitinib, (j) Tofacitinib, (k) Ruxolitinib, and (l) Thalidomide are depicted in this diagram.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The chemical structure of Azithromycin is depicted in this diagram.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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