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. 2022 Oct 26;27(21):7271.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27217271.

Anthocyanins Formulated with Carboxymethyl Starch for Gastric and Intestinal Delivery

Luiz Bruno De Sousa Sabino  1 , Francesco Copes  2 , Solène Saulais  3 , Edy Sousa De Brito  4 , Ivanildo José Da Silva Júnior  1 , Tien Canh Le  3 , Mircea Alexandru Mateescu  3 , Diego Mantovani  2
Affiliations

Anthocyanins Formulated with Carboxymethyl Starch for Gastric and Intestinal Delivery

Luiz Bruno De Sousa Sabino et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Anthocyanins obtained from jambolan have been used as active agents in different carboxymethyl starch-based tablet formulations and their release profiles evaluated in simulated gastric fluids (SGF) and simulated intestinal (SIF) fluids. Structural analysis highlighted a strong interaction between anthocyanins and carboxymethyl starch, evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and infrared analysis. Tablet dissolution behavior varied according to the pH of the media, being controlled by the swelling and/or erosion of the polymeric matrix. Various formulations for immediate, fast, and sustained release of anthocyanins for 30 min, 2 h and 12 h of dissolution have been developed. It was found that monolithic carboxymethyl starch tablets loaded with powdered jambolan extract efficiently afforded the complete delivery (100% of anthocyanins) to different sites of the simulated gastrointestinal tract and ensured the stability of these pigments, which maintained their antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Syzygium cumini; anthocyanins; bioactive agent delivery; carboxymethyl starch; monolithic tablets.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Representation of (A) ACN pH-dependent species and (B) their distribution according to the pH of the gastrointestinal tract. * The pH ranges from fasting to postprandial were considered. Adapted from Crozier et al. [14] and from Castañeda-Ovando et al. [16].
Figure 1
Figure 1
Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of (A) native starch—Hylon VII, (B) CMS—carboxymethyl starch powder, and (C) ACNs:CMS complex at magnifications of (1) 100× and (2) 500×.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FTIR spectra of (A) native starch, CMS, CMS tablets dry, incubated in SGF (pH = 1.2) for 2 h and in SGF followed by SIF (pH = 6.8) for additional 6 h and (B) anthocyanin extract and tablet formulations F1, F2, F3 and F4.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
Structure and hypothetical ionic interaction between the ACNs and CMS (adapted from da Silva et al.’s [37] hypothetical interaction of ACNs:CM-Cellulose and from Escobar-Puentes et al.’s [38] depiction of interaction of ACNs with amylose succinate).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Erosion, fluid uptake and mass remaining for CMS unloaded tablets (500 mg, n = 3) after 2 h in SGF or 2 h in SIF (37 °C, 100 RPM).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Release kinetics of ACNs dissolution from the CMS based-tablets (500 mg, n = 3) incubated in (A) SGF (pH = 1.2) for 9 h, and (B) SGF for 2 h and then transferred in SIF until 9 h at 37 °C.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Physical features of the tablets after dissolution in SGF (pH = 1.2), in SIF (pH = 6.8), and in SGF (2 h)/SIF (7 h) at 37 °C.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Dissolution profiles of ACN formulations for immediate gastric release (F4.5, 30 min/SGF), fast gastric release (F4.6 and F4.7 2 h/SGF) and sustained gastric and intestinal release (F4.8, 2 h-SGF/10 h-SIF).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Scavenging effect and antioxidant capacity of free ACNs extract and ACNs released from the dosage form in the dissolution media for 8 h (2 h-SGF/6 h-SIF).
Scheme 3
Scheme 3
Representation of the synthesis of the carboxymethyl starch (CMS).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Shape and aspect of the F1, F2, F3 and F4 CMS-based monolithic tablets.
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