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Review
. 2022 Nov 3;27(21):7511.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27217511.

MOF-Based Mycotoxin Nanosensors for Food Quality and Safety Assessment through Electrochemical and Optical Methods

Hessamaddin Sohrabi  1 , Parya Salahshour Sani  2 , Ramin Zolfaghari  3 , Mir Reza Majidi  1 , Yeojoon Yoon  4 , Alireza Khataee  5   6   7
Affiliations
Review

MOF-Based Mycotoxin Nanosensors for Food Quality and Safety Assessment through Electrochemical and Optical Methods

Hessamaddin Sohrabi et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Mycotoxins in food are hazardous for animal and human health, resulting in food waste and exacerbating the critical global food security situation. In addition, they affect commerce, particularly the incomes of rural farmers. The grave consequences of these contaminants require a comprehensive strategy for their elimination to preserve consumer safety and regulatory compliance. Therefore, developing a policy framework and control strategy for these contaminants is essential to improve food safety. In this context, sensing approaches based on metal-organic frameworks (MOF) offer a unique tool for the quick and effective detection of pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals, prohibited food additives, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), toxins, veterinary medications, and pesticide residues. This review focuses on the rapid screening of MOF-based sensors to examine food safety by describing the main features and characteristics of MOF-based nanocomposites. In addition, the main prospects of MOF-based sensors are highlighted in this paper. MOF-based sensing approaches can be advantageous for assessing food safety owing to their mobility, affordability, dependability, sensitivity, and stability. We believe this report will assist readers in comprehending the impacts of food jeopardy exposure, the implications on health, and the usage of metal-organic frameworks for detecting and sensing nourishment risks.

Keywords: MOF-based compounds; electrochemical and optical methods; food quality; mycotoxins.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author declares that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Graphical representation of FeMOF-PEI-GO and NH2-FeMOF synthesis: (B) Nanoprobe fabrication; (C) Schematic representation of electrochemical aptasensor and patulin (PAT) detection. Adapted with permission from the article of [58]. 2022, Elsevier.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Graphical illustration of the MOF-525, ZrPA, and ZrPA-Ab synthesis stages; (B) The ZrPA-working ICA concept of sensing deoxynivalenol; (C) Interpretation of the findings of the experiment, and (D) (a,b) MOF-525 and (c,d) ZrPA SEM images and particle sizes, respectively. Adapted with permission from the article of [59]. 2022, Elsevier.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Graphical illustration of the stages involved in creating an aptasensor relying on MTV poly MOF-L8,0 for the sensing of zearalenone, comprising modifying the Au electrode with MTV poly MOF-L8,0, zearalenone-targeted aptamer anchoring, Apt/MTV poly MOF-L8,0/AE blocking, and zearalenone sensing utilizing bovine serum albumin (BSA)/Apt/MTV poly MOF-L8,0/AE. Adapted with permission from the article of [64]. 2022, Elsevier.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) Hemin-entrapped MOF synthesis gated by a duplex cDNA/ssDNA, where the ssDNA contains the trimeric G4-DNA sequence and the zearalenone aptamer sequence. (B) The following section describes how the zearalenone/aptamer complex releases the cDNA/ssDNA-gated, hemin-entrapped MOF. (C) Graphical depiction of the production of G4-DNAzyme and its catalytic function. Adapted with permission from the article of [65]. 2022, Elsevier.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Graphical description of the dual-channel detecting of ochratoxin A (OTA). Adapted with permission from the article [67]. 2022, American Chemical Society.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Graphical depiction of the synthesis of NH2-MIL-101@CoPc nanocomposite and (B) the construction of an aptasensor based on NH2-MIL-101@CoPc for the detection of OTA. Adapted with permission from the article [68]. 2022, Elsevier.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(A) Diagrammatic representation of a dual-mode immunosensor that mimics oxidase utilizing Co/NCNT: (B) (a) The Co/NCNT synthesis method; the low-resolution (b) and (c,d) high-resolution TEM pictures, as well as the matching electron diffraction images (illustration of d), EDS; (C) (a) colorimetric photos, (b) fluorescence spectroscopy, and (c) ochratoxin A (OTA) calibration plot with various concentrations (a–j: 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 μg/L). Adapted with permission from the article [70]. 2022, Elsevier.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic representation for the manufacture and operation of MIP/[APMIm]Br/BN-HPC/GCE, as well as the preparation process for BN-HPC (with permission from the article [71]).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Graphic depiction of fluorescent aflatoxin B1 detecting employing fluorescent metal-organic frameworks. Adapted with permission from the article [96]. 2022, Elsevier.
Figure 10
Figure 10
(A) Depiction of the SQDs synthesis procedure: (B) Diagram of the SQDs@MOF-5-NH3 preparation method; (C) The DNA hairpin coupling mechanism involving Fe3O4-NH2 and SQDs@MOF-5-NH2; (D) Demonstration of the fluorescent aptasensor for sensing of patulin (PAT). Adapted with permission from the article [103]. 2022, Elsevier.
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