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. 2022 Oct 23;14(21):4455.
doi: 10.3390/nu14214455.

Fatty Liver Is an Independent Risk Factor for Elevated Intraocular Pressure

Jun-Hyuk Lee  1   2 , Yu-Jin Kwon  3 , Hye Sun Lee  4 , Jee Hye Han  1 , Boyoung Joung  5 , Sung Jin Kim  6
Affiliations

Fatty Liver Is an Independent Risk Factor for Elevated Intraocular Pressure

Jun-Hyuk Lee et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Elevated intraocular pressure (EIOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma. Both EIOP and fatty liver share metabolic risk factors, which implies a possible link between EIOP and fatty liver. We aimed to determine the association of fatty liver with EIOP and estimate the effect of fatty liver on EIOP directly and indirectly through insulin resistance. Data from 16,240 adults who underwent health examinations at a single center were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for EIOP in the fatty liver group compared to the non-fatty liver group were 1.36 and 1.08-1.71. Alcoholic liver disease was associated with EIOP in subgroup analysis (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.27-2.56). There was a linear dose-response relationship between EIOP and the severity of fatty liver. Mediation analysis revealed that the total effect of fatty liver on intraocular pressure was 0.90 (0.81-0.99), with a direct effect of 0.81 (0.71-0.90) and an indirect effect of 0.09 (0.06-0.11) through insulin resistance. Fatty liver is independently associated with EIOP. It primarily has a direct effect on intraocular pressure. This suggests that evaluation of EIOP should be considered in patients with fatty liver.

Keywords: alcoholic liver disease; fatty liver; insulin resistance; intraocular pressure.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the study population.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of mean intraocular pressure level according to the etiology of fatty liver (a) and the severity of fatty liver (b). Abbreviations: ALD, alcoholic liver disease; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Analysis of variance was performed to compare differences in intraocular pressure among groups. Post hoc analysis was performed with Bonferroni correction. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Dose–response relationship between odds ratio for EIOP and the severity of fatty liver shown as a restricted cubic spline curve. The red line indicates an estimated odds ratio. The dotted lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. The purple area indicates the density of the population. Abbreviations: EIOP, elevated intraocular pressure; CI, confidence interval. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mediation analysis on the effect of fatty liver on intraocular pressure. a, b and c’ are path coefficients representing unstandardized regression weights and 95% confidence interval. c’, direct effect; a × b, indirect effect; t, total effect; X, dependent variable; M, mediator variable; Y, independent variable; IOP, intraocular pressure.
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