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. 2022 Oct 27;11(11):1246.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111246.

Evaluation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 against Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H9N2)

Irfan A Rather  1   2 , Majid Rasool Kamli  1   2 , Jamal S M Sabir  1   2 , Sajad Ali  3
Affiliations

Evaluation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 against Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H9N2)

Irfan A Rather et al. Pathogens. .

Abstract

Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) pose a persistent threat to humans owing to their reassortment and antigenic drift properties. Among them is H9N2, a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus first discovered in the non-human host and later found infective to humans with huge pandemic potential. In recent years, antiviral resistance has become an increasing threat to public health. Additionally, vaccination against AIVs is becoming increasingly challenging with little success due to antigenic drift. This has resulted in a growing demand for products that can replace the presently in-use medications and the development of innovative antiviral therapies. In this study, we systematically investigate the antiviral potential of lactic acid bacteria against H9N2. Bacteria that produce lactic acid are commonly used in food processing. In addition, these bacteria are considered more affordable, effective, and safe "nutraceuticals" than other alternative medicines. We tested Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 against the low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2). As confirmed by the hemagglutination assay, KAU007 showed potent antiviral activity against H9N2 and vigorous antioxidant activity. The CFCS showed a dose-dependent reduction in the levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ. Thus, KAU007 might be considered a potential H9N2 target-based probiotic.

Keywords: H9N2; KAU007; infection; influenza; pathogen; probiotics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cytopathic effect of the H9N2 virus. MTT assays were used to measure cell viability. Each experiment was performed three times, and the results are presented as a mean + standard error. To determine statistical significance, treatment groups were compared with control (PBS only) and H9N2 (no treatment). p-values: *** < 0.001, ** < 0.01. ns = non-significant.
Figure 2
Figure 2
H9N2 virus-challenged mammalian kidney cells treated with CFCS show a reduction in interleukin levels. (a) IFN-γ and (b) IL-6. Results were presented as means + SE for the three experiments conducted in triplicate. p-values: ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, ns = non-significant.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Antioxidant activity of CFCS isolated from L. plantarum KAU007 (a) nitrate radical scavenging activity of CFCS. (b) DPPH radical scavenging activity of CFCS. (c) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) such as activity of CFCS. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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