Ultrasonographic and manometric study of the tongue as biomarkers of dysphagia in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract

Background: The possibility of having methods to assess dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients in a minimally invasive manner could facilitate follow-up and allow performing of therapeutic interventions at earlier stages of the disease. The aim of the study was to analyze the role of tongue strength and thickness in ALS patients and their correlation with dysphagia and bulbar function.

Methods: A sample of outpatients with ALS was evaluated for demographic and clinical features. Tongue thickness and strength have been measured for each patient, and quantitative and qualitative data of the videofluoroscopy swallow study have been analyzed.

Results: Of the 38 ALS patients studied, 47.4% were women, and 26.3% had bulbar onset. The median time between symptom onset and the study was 24 months (IQR 11.5-48), and 55.3% of the patients were carriers of non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Tongue strength identified patients with impaired oral and pharyngeal transit and those with bolus residue scale (BRS) > 1 or penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) ≥ 3. In contrast, tongue thickness is only associated with impaired oral transit. Finally, anterior tongue strength ≤ 34 kPa and posterior tongue strength ≤ 34.5 kPa detected ALS penetrators/aspirators (PAS ≥ 3) and patients with ALS with post-swallow residue (BRS > 1).

Conclusions: Our results suggest that measures that assess the functionality (strength) of the tongue are more valuable than morphological measurements (thickness) for the follow-up of patients with ALS. Alterations of the anterior and posterior lingual strength correlate with the presence of bronchoaspiration and post-swallowing residue (BRS > 1).

Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Dysphagia; Tongue Strength; Tongue Ultrasound.