Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors

Abstract

Introduction Head and neck cancer appears to be increasing in incidence, with potential changes in aetiology proposed. This paper aims to provide a narrative overview of the epidemiological literature to describe the disease burden and trends in terms of incidence and mortality both in the UK and globally and to review the evidence on current risk factors.Methods A search was performed on multiple databases (PubMed and Epistemonikos), applying filters to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses which investigated head and neck cancer incidence, mortality and risk factors. International and UK cancer registries and sources were searched for incidence and mortality data.Results Multiple definitions of head and neck cancer are employed in epidemiology. Globally, incidence rates have increased in recent decades, largely driven by oropharyngeal cancer. Mortality rates over the last decade have also started to rise, reflecting the disease incidence and static survival rates. Major risk factors include tobacco smoking alone and in combination with alcohol consumption, betel chewing (particularly in Southeast Asian populations) and the human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer.Conclusions These epidemiological data can inform clinical and preventive service planning for head and neck cancer.

Fig. 1

Global age-standardised incidence rates of head and neck cancer. Reprinted from International Agency For Research On Cancer, 'Cancer today - Data visualization tools for exploring the global cancer burden in 2020', Copyright 2022, http://gco.iarc.fr/today (accessed August 2021). The map was generated using the GLOBOCAN website mapping tool (https://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysis-map) by selecting the 'lip, oral cavity', 'oropharynx', hypopharynx' and 'larynx' cancer sites. Estimated age-standardised rates of head and neck cancer incidence worldwide are shown for both sexes