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Meta-Analysis
. 2022 Nov 14;11(11):CD013534.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013534.pub3.

Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy

Maeve M Kelleher  1 , Rachel Phillips  2 , Sara J Brown  3 , Suzie Cro  2 , Victoria Cornelius  2 , Karin C Lødrup Carlsen  4   5 , Håvard O Skjerven  4 , Eva M Rehbinder  5   6 , Adrian J Lowe  7 , Eishika Dissanayake  8 , Naoki Shimojo  9 , Kaori Yonezawa  10 , Yukihiro Ohya  11 , Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada  11 , Kumiko Morita  12 , Emma Axon  13 , Michael Cork  14 , Alison Cooke  15 , Eleanor Van Vogt  2 , Jochen Schmitt  16 , Stephan Weidinger  17 , Danielle McClanahan  18 , Eric Simpson  18 , Lelia Duley  19 , Lisa M Askie  20 , Hywel C Williams  13 , Robert J Boyle  1   21
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy

Maeve M Kelleher et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Eczema and food allergy are common health conditions that usually begin in early childhood and often occur in the same people. They can be associated with an impaired skin barrier in early infancy. It is unclear whether trying to prevent or reverse an impaired skin barrier soon after birth is effective for preventing eczema or food allergy.

Objectives: Primary objective To assess the effects of skin care interventions such as emollients for primary prevention of eczema and food allergy in infants. Secondary objective To identify features of study populations such as age, hereditary risk, and adherence to interventions that are associated with the greatest treatment benefit or harm for both eczema and food allergy.

Search methods: We performed an updated search of the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase in September 2021. We searched two trials registers in July 2021. We checked the reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews, and scanned conference proceedings to identify further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs of skin care interventions that could potentially enhance skin barrier function, reduce dryness, or reduce subclinical inflammation in healthy term (> 37 weeks) infants (≤ 12 months) without pre-existing eczema, food allergy, or other skin condition. Eligible comparisons were standard care in the locality or no treatment. Types of skin care interventions could include moisturisers/emollients; bathing products; advice regarding reducing soap exposure and bathing frequency; and use of water softeners. No minimum follow-up was required.

Data collection and analysis: This is a prospective individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures, and primary analyses used the IPD dataset. Primary outcomes were cumulative incidence of eczema and cumulative incidence of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated food allergy by one to three years, both measured at the closest available time point to two years. Secondary outcomes included adverse events during the intervention period; eczema severity (clinician-assessed); parent report of eczema severity; time to onset of eczema; parent report of immediate food allergy; and allergic sensitisation to food or inhalant allergen.

Main results: We identified 33 RCTs comprising 25,827 participants. Of these, 17 studies randomising 5823 participants reported information on one or more outcomes specified in this review. We included 11 studies, randomising 5217 participants, in one or more meta-analyses (range 2 to 9 studies per individual meta-analysis), with 10 of these studies providing IPD; the remaining 6 studies were included in the narrative results only. Most studies were conducted at children's hospitals. Twenty-five studies, including all those contributing data to meta-analyses, randomised newborns up to age three weeks to receive a skin care intervention or standard infant skin care. Eight of the 11 studies contributing to meta-analyses recruited infants at high risk of developing eczema or food allergy, although the definition of high risk varied between studies. Durations of intervention and follow-up ranged from 24 hours to three years. All interventions were compared against no skin care intervention or local standard care. Of the 17 studies that reported information on our prespecified outcomes, 13 assessed emollients. We assessed most of the evidence in the review as low certainty and had some concerns about risk of bias. A rating of some concerns was most often due to lack of blinding of outcome assessors or significant missing data, which could have impacted outcome measurement but was judged unlikely to have done so. We assessed the evidence for the primary food allergy outcome as high risk of bias due to the inclusion of only one trial, where findings varied based on different assumptions about missing data. Skin care interventions during infancy probably do not change the risk of eczema by one to three years of age (risk ratio (RR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.31; risk difference 5 more cases per 1000 infants, 95% CI 28 less to 47 more; moderate-certainty evidence; 3075 participants, 7 trials) or time to onset of eczema (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.14; moderate-certainty evidence; 3349 participants, 9 trials). Skin care interventions during infancy may increase the risk of IgE-mediated food allergy by one to three years of age (RR 2.53, 95% CI 0.99 to 6.49; low-certainty evidence; 976 participants, 1 trial) but may not change risk of allergic sensitisation to a food allergen by age one to three years (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.71; low-certainty evidence; 1794 participants, 3 trials). Skin care interventions during infancy may slightly increase risk of parent report of immediate reaction to a common food allergen at two years (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.61; low-certainty evidence; 1171 participants, 1 trial); however, this was only seen for cow's milk, and may be unreliable due to over-reporting of milk allergy in infants. Skin care interventions during infancy probably increase risk of skin infection over the intervention period (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.75; risk difference 17 more cases per 1000 infants, 95% CI one more to 38 more; moderate-certainty evidence; 2728 participants, 6 trials) and may increase the risk of infant slippage over the intervention period (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.99; low-certainty evidence; 2538 participants, 4 trials) and stinging/allergic reactions to moisturisers (RR 2.24, 95% 0.67 to 7.43; low-certainty evidence; 343 participants, 4 trials), although CIs for slippages and stinging/allergic reactions were wide and include the possibility of no effect or reduced risk. Preplanned subgroup analyses showed that the effects of interventions were not influenced by age, duration of intervention, hereditary risk, filaggrin (FLG) mutation, chromosome 11 intergenic variant rs2212434, or classification of intervention type for risk of developing eczema. We could not evaluate these effects on risk of food allergy. Evidence was insufficient to show whether adherence to interventions influenced the relationship between skin care interventions and eczema or food allergy development.

Authors' conclusions: Based on low- to moderate-certainty evidence, skin care interventions such as emollients during the first year of life in healthy infants are probably not effective for preventing eczema; may increase risk of food allergy; and probably increase risk of skin infection. Further study is needed to understand whether different approaches to infant skin care might prevent eczema or food allergy.

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Conflict of interest statement

Maeve Kelleher: no relevant interests; has written a review on the topic 'Prevention of food allergy – skin barrier interventions' (doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2019.10.005); Consultant in Paediatric Allergy at Children's Health Ireland; Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer at Imperial College London; assisted in the food allergy diagnostic work for the BEEP study, which is included in this review ‐ funded by a personal research fellowship from National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR), UK; the BEEP study was sponsored by the University of Nottingham, co‐ordinated by the Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit (CTU), and funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme. Supplementary funding was obtained for the inclusion of food allergy outcomes and skin prick tests subsequent to study initiation, which was provided by Goldman Sachs Gives and Sheffield Children's Hospital Charity.

Rachel Phillips: none known.

Sara Brown: AbbVie ‐ consultant (payment to University employer, no personal financial benefit); British Skin Foundation ‐ grant (for research studentship); British Society for Paediatric Dermatology ‐ honorarium for invited lecture; European Lead Factory ‐ grant (funding and in‐kind support for a phenotypic screen in skin cells); Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) ‐ grant (member of the BioMAP network (Biomarkers in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis) and receive funding for research); Sosei Heptares ‐ consultant (payment to University employer, no personal financial gain); Wellcome Trust ‐ employment (chair of expert review group); Wellcome Trust ‐ grant (Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship 2015 to 2020 and renewal 2020 onwards); works in an NHS dermatology department and regularly discusses the use of emollients with patients; involved in BEEP study, published in the The Lancet 2020 (www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32984-8/fulltext) (funded by the US National Institutes of Health).

Suzie Cro: none known.

Victoria Cornelius: none known.

Karin C Lodrup Carlsen: no relevant interests; involved in the PreventADALL study ‐ received funding from many sources, all of which are appropriately declared in all papers relaying the results. The funders had no role in design, analyses, or dissemination of the study results. A number of sponsors: the Regional Health Board South East, The Norwegian Research Council, Oslo University Hospital, The University of Oslo, Health and Rehabilitation Norway, The Foundation for Healthcare and Allergy Research in Sweden – Vårdalstiftelsen, The Swedish Asthma‐ and Allergy Association’s Research Foundation, The Swedish Research Council – the Initiative for Clinical Therapy Research, The Swedish Heart‐Lung Foundation, SFO‐V Karolinska Institutet, Østfold Hospital Trust, The European Union (MeDALL project), by unrestricted grants from the Norwegian Association of Asthma and Allergy, The Kloster Foundation, Thermo‐Fisher, Uppsala, Sweden (through supplying allergen reagents) and Fürst Medical Laboratory, Oslo, Norway (through performing immunoglobulin E (IgE) analyses), Norwegian Society of Dermatology and Venerology, Arne Ingel’s legat, Region Stockholm (ALF‐project and individual grants), Forte, Swedish Order of Freemasons Foundation Barnhuset, The Sven Jerring Foundation, The Hesselman Foundation, The Magnus Bergwall Foundation, The Konsul Th C Bergh’s Foundation, The Swedish Society of Medicine, The King Gustaf V 80th Birthday Foundation, KI grants, The Cancer and Allergy Foundation, The Pediatric Research Foundation at Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, The Samaritan Foundation for Pediatric Research.

Håvard Ove Skjerven: no relevant interests; works as a health professional at Oslo University Hospital; involved in The PreventADALL study, which has received funding from the following sources: The Regional Health Board South East, The Norwegian Research Council, Oslo University Hospital, The University of Oslo, Health and Rehabilitation Norway, The Foundation for Healthcare and Allergy Research in Sweden – Vårdalstiftelsen, The Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association Research Foundation, The Swedish Research Council – the Initiative for Clinical Therapy Research, The Swedish Heart‐Lung Foundation, SFO‐V Karolinska Institutet, Østfold Hospital Trust, The European Union (MeDALL project), by unrestricted grants from the Norwegian Association of Asthma and Allergy, The Kloster Foundation, Thermo‐Fisher, Uppsala, Sweden (through supplying allergen reagents) and Fürst Medical Laboratory, Oslo, Norway (through performing IgE analyses), Norwegian Society of Dermatology and Venerology, Arne Ingel’s legat, Region Stockholm (ALF‐project and individual grants), Forte, Swedish Order of Freemasons Foundation Barnhuset, The Sven Jerring Foundation, The Hesselman Foundation, The Magnus Bergwall Foundation, The Konsul Th C Bergh’s Foundation, The Swedish Society of Medicine, The King Gustaf V 80th Birthday Foundation, KI grants, The Cancer and Allergy Foundation, The Pediatric Research Foundation at Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, The Samaritan Foundation for Pediatric Research.

Eva Maria Rehbinder: Leo Pharma ‐ speaking engagement; Novartis ‐ speaking engagement; Perrigo ‐ speaking engagement; Sanofi Genzyme ‐ speaking engagement; co‐author on paper from the PreventADALL study included in the review on primary prevention of atopic dermatitis; works as Resident in Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital; involved in The PreventADALL study (Oslo University Hospital, Norway, Østfold Hospital Trust, Norway and Karolinska Institutet, Sweden) ‐ the PreventADALL study has received funding from the following sources: The Regional Health Board South East, The Norwegian Research Council, Oslo University Hospital, The University of Oslo, Health and Rehabilitation Norway, The Foundation for Healthcare and Allergy Research in Sweden – Vårdalstiftelsen, The Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association Research Foundation, The Swedish Research Council – the Initiative for Clinical Therapy Research, The Swedish Heart‐Lung Foundation, SFO‐V Karolinska Institutet, Østfold Hospital Trust, The European Union (MeDALL project), by unrestricted grants from the Norwegian Association of Asthma and Allergy, The Kloster Foundation, Thermo‐Fisher, Uppsala, Sweden (through supplying allergen reagents) and Fürst Medical Laboratory, Oslo, Norway (through performing IgE analyses), Norwegian Society of Dermatology and Venerology, Arne Ingel’s legat, Region Stockholm (ALF‐project), Forte, Swedish Order of Freemasons Foundation Barnhuset, The Sven Jerring Foundation, The Hesselman Foundation, The Magnus Bergwall Foundation, The Konsul Th C Bergh’s Foundation, The Swedish Society of Medicine, The King Gustaf V 80th Birthday Foundation, KI grants, The Cancer and Allergy Foundation, The Pediatric Research Foundation at Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, The Samaritan Foundation for Pediatric Research.

Adrian Lowe: other intellectual property ‐ lead investigator on intervention trials using skin barrier repair creams; publications relating to the feasibility of this form of intervention; involved in Phase II PEBBLES trial, listed as Lowe et al. (2018). Funded by the Financial Markets Foundation for Children (FMFC), Asthma Foundation of Victoria, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (Project funding: FMFC, Asthma Foundation of Victoria. Project equipment: NHMRC).

Eishika Dissanayake: no relevant interests; responsible for analysing data and the publication of a randomised controlled trial that aimed to identify the efficacy of emollients and synbiotics in preventing atopic dermatitis and food allergy in children during the first year of life, institution: Chiba University, Japan (funding source: Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan in fiscal years 2014 to 2016 and grants from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED‐CREST)(15652274)).

Naoki Shimojo: no relevant interests; published in Allergology International, the official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology.

Kaori Yonezawa: no relevant interests; involved in onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1346-8138.14080 and aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-019-0385-7, Mitsubishi Foundation (Grants for Social Welfare Activities on 2013) and the Mishima Kaiun Memorial Foundation ‐ Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Department of Midwifery and Women’s Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo, 113‐0033, Japan.

Yukihiro Ohya: AbbVie ‐ consultant (medical advisory for atopic dermatitis); Janssen Global Services, LLC ‐ consultant (advisory board meeting); Leo Pharma KK ‐ consultant (treatment of atopic dermatitis); Maruho ‐ consultant (medical advisory for atopic dermatitis); Mylan ‐ lecturer; Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd ‐ consultant (treatment of atopic dermatitis); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc ‐ consultant (advisory board meeting); Sanofi ‐ lecturer; Torii ‐ lecturer; practice in the National Center for Child Health and Development; committee member of Japanese guidelines for atopic dermatitis, Japanese Society of Allergology; involved in purchase of tested emollients, recruitment for participants in the National Center for Child Health and Development ‐ Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis (supported by funding from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan).

Kiwako Yamamoto‐Hanada: AbbVie ‐ consultant (consultation); Bee Case ‐ consultant (advisory); Kao Corporation ‐ consultant (lecture, consultation); Maruho ‐ speaker engagement; Natural Science ‐grant/contract (joint research agreement); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd ‐ speaker fee; Pfizer Japan ‐ speaker fee; Takano Medical ‐ grant/contract (commissioned study); Tori Pharmaceutical ‐ speaker engagement; work as a health professional at National Center for Child Health and Development; involved in data sharing, interpretation of the results, advice to the manuscript, National Center for Child Health and Development.

Kumiko Morita: no relevant interests; involved in providing data from our study (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014;134:824‐30) in National Center for Child Health and Development research: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014;134:824‐30, source: Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Allergic Diseases and Immunology from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (H22‐Men’eki‐Ippan‐002 to HS and H25‐Nanchito‐Ippan‐001 to MA and HS as principal investigators).

Emma Axon: no relevant interests; methodologist at Cochrane Skin, University of Nottingham.

Michael Cork: Boots UK Ltd. ‐ consultant; Eli Lilly and Company ‐ consultant; Hyphens Pharma ‐ Singapore ‐ consultant; Johnson & Johnson Health Care Systems Inc ‐ consultant; Kymab, a Sanofi company ‐ grant/consultant; L'Oreal USA ‐ consultant; LEO Pharma AS ‐ consultant; Perrigo (ACO Nordic) ‐ consultant; Pfizer Canada Inc ‐ consultant; Procter & Gamble ‐ consultant; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc ‐ consultant; Sanofi UK ‐ consultant; published for National Eczema Society, UK; affiliated to National Eczema Society, UK; works as a health professional at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Sheffield Children's NHS Trust; involved with “BEEP” ‐ A randomised controlled trial to determine whether a skin barrier enhancement package can prevent eczema in high‐risk children (NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme, via the University of Nottingham ‐ as Principal Investigator for Sheffield ‐ jointly & severally contracted by The University of Sheffield & Sheffield Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

Alison Cooke: no relevant interests; Chief investigator of the OBSeRvE (Oil in Baby SkincaRE) study included in this review (funded by National Institute for Health Research Doctoral Research Fellowship), University of Manchester, pilot randomised controlled trial; has had several publications and given several conference presentations in the area of neonatal skin care; Assistant Director of Nursing Research and Innovation at University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust.

Eleanor Van Vogt: none known.

Jochen Schmitt: La Roche‐Posay ‐ grant (institutional grant for IIT); Novartis, Sanofi, ALK, and Pfizer ‐ grant (grants for investigator‐initiated research); Sanofi, Lilly, and ALK ‐ consultant (participated in advisory board meetings as a paid consultant); involved in a study funded by La Roche‐Posay (grant for IIT to Universities Kiel and Dresden, Germany).

Stephan Weidinger: AbbVie ‐ consultant (consultancies, lectures); Almirall LLC ‐ consultant (consultancies, lectures); Eli Lilly and Company ‐ consultant (consultancies, lectures); Genzyme Corporation ‐ consultant (institutional research grant, consultancies, lectures); GlaxoSmithKline ‐ consultant (consultancies); Janssen Biotech Inc ‐ consultant (consultancies); LEO Pharma AS ‐ consultant (institutional research grant, consultancies, lectures); Pfizer Pharmaceuticals LLC ‐ consultant (consultancies, lectures); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc ‐ consultant (consultancies, lectures).

Danielle McClanahan: no relevant interests; Dermatology Resident at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU); Study Co‐ordinator, OHSU ‐ McClanahan D, Wong A, Kezic S, Samrao A, Hajar T, Hill E, Simpson EL. A randomized controlled trial of an emollient with ceramide and filaggrin‐associated amino acids for the primary prevention of atopic dermatitis in high‐risk infants. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2019 Nov;33(11):2087‐94. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15786. Epub 2019 Jul 30. PMID: 31287580 (investigator initiated, Galderma provided the product).

Eric Simpson: AbbVie ‐ consultant and speaker; AbbVie ‐ consultant (consult on atopic dermatitis (AD) and guest lecture); Amgen ‐ consultant (consulting on AD); Arcutis ‐ grant/contract; Corevitas ‐grant/contract; Dermira Inc ‐ consultant (consult on AD); Dermira Inc ‐ grant/contract; Eli Lilly and Company ‐ consultant (consult on AD, lecture and serve on advisory board); Eli Lilly and Company ‐ grant/contract; ForteBio ‐ consultant (consult on AD); Galderma Research & Development, LLC ‐ consultant (consult on AD); GlaxoSmithKline ‐ consultant (consultant on AD and on advisory board); Incyte Corporation ‐ consultant (consult on AD and serve on advisory board); Incyte Corporation ‐ grant/contract; Janssen Biotech ‐ consultant (consultant on AD and on advisory board); Kyowa Hakko Kirin ‐ consultant (consult on AD and on advisory board); Kyowa Hakko Kirin ‐ grant/contract; LEO Pharma Inc ‐ consultant (consult on AD, lecture and serve on advisory board); LEO Pharma Inc ‐ grant/contract; Merck ‐ grant/contract; Novartis ‐ grant/contract; Pfizer ‐ consultant (consult on AD, guest lecture and serve on advisory board); Pfizer ‐ grant/contract; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals ‐ consultant (consult on AD, lecture and serve on advisory board); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals ‐ grant/contract; Sanofi US Services Inc ‐ consultant (consulting on AD, speaker and advisory board); TARGET‐Derm ‐ grant/contract; works as a professor and patient care MD at Oregon Health & Science University.

Lelia Duley: none known.

Lisa M Askie: none known.

Hywel C Williams: no relevant interests; was an investigator on the following trial published in The BMJ 19 years ago: Thomas KS, Armstrong S, Avery A, Po AL, O'Neill C, Young S, Williams HC. Randomised controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with mild or moderate atopic eczema. BMJ. 2002 Mar 30;324(7340):768. doi: 10.1136/bmj.324.7340.768. PMID: 11923161; PMCID: PMC100318 ‐ funding source: NHS R&D Trent (a public funder).

Robert J Boyle: no relevant interests; works as a paediatric allergist seeing children and adolescents with atopic eczema, but does not use the treatments evaluated in this project for the prevention of eczema or food allergy. RB works for the following organisations: Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust and as a self‐employed paediatric allergist at HCA Healthcare and Sterling Health; Joint Co‐ordinating Editor, Cochrane Skin (2018‐current); Senior Editor for Cochrane Children and Families (2018 to 2021); Senior Editor for Cochrane Mental Health and Neuroscience (2020 to 2021); co‐investigator on BEEP trial (Chalmers 2020), a clinical trial included in this review (funding source: NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme).

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Trial sequential analysis for eczema (RR of 30%).
3
3
Trial sequential analysis for eczema (RR of 20%).
4
4
Trial sequential analysis for food allergy (RR of 30%).
5
5
Trial sequential analysis for food allergy (RR of 20%).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 1: Eczema by 1 to 3 years
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 2: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years including aggregate trial data
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 3: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years (UKWP only)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 4: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years (including data from all 4 arms of PreventADALL)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 5: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years (using PreventADALL 36‐month outcome)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 6: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years ‐ low risk of bias
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 7: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years ‐ excluding non‐prospectively acquired data
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 8: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 6 months to 3 years
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 9: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema after the intervention period (at 1 year or beyond ‐ up to 3 years)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 10: Subgroup analysis (study level): Eczema by 1 to 3 years by intervention type
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 11: Subgroup analysis (study level): Eczema by 1 to 3 years by prescribed intervention duration
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 12: Subgroup analysis (study level): Eczema by 1 to 3 years by prescribed intervention timing
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 13: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for treatment initiation < 4 days versus ≥ 4 days of age
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 14: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Eczema by 6 months to 3 years for treatment initiation < 4 days versus ≥ 4 days of age
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 15: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Eczema by 1 to 3 years by FLG genotype (0 mutations versus 1/2 mutations)
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 16: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Eczema by 6 months to 3 years by FLG genotype (0 mutations versus 1/2 mutations)
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 17: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Eczema by 1 to 3 years by chromosome 11 status (C:C versus C:T or T:T)
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 18: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Eczema by 1 to 3 years by FLG mutation and chromosome 11 status (no FLG and C:C versus FLG mutation and/or chromosome 11 C:T or T:T)
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 19: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Eczema by 1 to 3 years by ≥ 1 first‐degree relative with history of allergic disease
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 20: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Eczema by 1 to 3 years by ≥ 1 first‐degree relative with history of allergic disease and/or FLG genotype (0 mutations versus 1/2 mutations)
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 21: CACE: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for use over intervention period ≥ 3 days a week
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 22: CACE sensitivity: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for use over intervention period ≥ 5 days a week
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 23: CACE sensitivity: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for use over intervention period 7 days  a week
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 24: CACE sensitivity: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for use over first 3 months  ≥ 3 days a week
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 25: CACE sensitivity: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for use over first 3 months  ≥ 5 days a week
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 26: CACE sensitivity: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for use over first 3 months 7 days a week
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 27: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for studies included in CACE for use over intervention period ≥ 3 days a week
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 28: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for studies included in CACE for use over intervention period ≥ 5 days a week
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 29: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for studies included in CACE for use over intervention period 7 days a week
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 30: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for studies included in CACE for use over first 3 months ≥ 3 days a week
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 31: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for studies included in CACE for use over first 3 months ≥ 5 days a week
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 32: Sensitivity analysis: Eczema by 1 to 3 years for studies included in CACE for use over first 3 months 7 days a week
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 33: Food allergy by 1 to 3 years
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 34: Sensitivity analysis: Food allergy by 1 to 3 years (diagnosed by oral food challenge or investigator assessment)
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 35: Sensitivity analysis: Food allergy by 1 to 3 years (parent report of doctor diagnosis)
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 36: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Food allergy by 1 to 3 years (diagnosed by oral food challenge or investigator assessment) by FLG genotype (0 mutations versus 1/2 mutations)
1.37
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 37: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Food allergy by 1 to 3 years (diagnosed by oral food challenge or investigator assessment) by chromosome 11 status (C:C versus C:T or T:T)
1.38
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 38: Participant‐level treatment interaction: Food allergy by 1 to 3 years (diagnosed by oral food challenge or investigator assessment) by FLG mutation and chromosome 11 status (no FLG and C:C versus FLG mutation and/or chromosome 11 C:T or T:T)
1.39
1.39. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 39: CACE: Food allergy (oral food challenge or panel assessment) by 1 to 3 years for use over intervention period ≥ 3 days a week
1.40
1.40. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 40: CACE sensitivity: Food allergy (oral food challenge or panel assessment) by 1 to 3 years for use over intervention period ≥ 5 days a week
1.41
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 41: CACE sensitivity: Food allergy (oral food challenge or panel assessment) by 1 to 3 years for use over intervention period 7 days a week
1.42
1.42. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 42: CACE sensitivity: Food allergy (oral food challenge or panel assessment) by 1 to 3 years for use over first 3 months ≥ 3 days a week
1.43
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 43: CACE sensitivity: Food allergy (oral food challenge or panel assessment) by 1 to 3 years for use over first 3 months  ≥ 5 days a week
1.44
1.44. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 44: CACE sensitivity: Food allergy (oral food challenge or panel assessment) by 1 to 3 years for use over first 3 months 7 days a week
1.45
1.45. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 45: Adverse event: skin infection
1.46
1.46. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 46: Adverse event: stinging or allergic reaction to moisturisers
1.47
1.47. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 47: Adverse event: slippage accidents
1.48
1.48. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 48: Serious adverse events
1.49
1.49. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 49: Clinician‐assessed eczema severity at 1 to 3 years (clear/mild versus moderate/severe/very severe)
1.50
1.50. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 50: Clinician‐assessed eczema severity at 1 to 3 years (standardised mean difference)
1.51
1.51. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 51: Parent‐reported eczema severity at 1 to 3 years (clear/mild versus moderate/severe/very severe)
1.52
1.52. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 52: Parent‐reported eczema severity at 1 to 3 years (mean difference)
1.53
1.53. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 53: Time to onset of eczema
1.54
1.54. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 54: Subgroup analysis: Time to onset of eczema (< 1‐year follow‐up versus ≥ 1‐year follow‐up)
1.55
1.55. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 55: Parent report of immediate (< 2 hours) reaction to a known common food allergen
1.56
1.56. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 56: Parent report of immediate (< 2 hours) reaction to milk
1.57
1.57. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 57: Parent report of immediate (< 2 hours) reaction to egg
1.58
1.58. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 58: Parent report of immediate (< 2 hours) reaction to peanut
1.59
1.59. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 59: Allergic sensitisation to common foods or inhalants at 1 to 3 years
1.60
1.60. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 60: Allergic sensitisation to common foods at 1 to 3 years
1.61
1.61. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 61: Allergic sensitisation to milk at 1 to 3 years
1.62
1.62. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 62: Allergic sensitisation to egg at 1 to 3 years
1.63
1.63. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 63: Allergic sensitisation to peanut at 1 to 3 years
1.64
1.64. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 64: Allergic sensitisation to inhalants at 1 to 3 years
1.65
1.65. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 65: Sensitivity analysis: Allergic sensitisation to common foods at 6 months to 3 years
1.66
1.66. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 66: Sensitivity analysis: Allergic sensitisation to milk at 6 months to 3 years
1.67
1.67. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 67: Sensitivity analysis: Allergic sensitisation to egg at 6 months to 3 years
1.68
1.68. Analysis
Comparison 1: Skin care intervention versus standard skin care or no skin care intervention, Outcome 68: Sensitivity analysis: Allergic sensitisation to peanut at 6 months to 3 years
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References

References to studies included in this review

Abraham 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Bellemere 2018 {published data only}
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Chalmers 2020 {published and unpublished data}
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Cooke 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cooke A, Cork M, Victor S, Campbell M, Danby S, Chittock J, et al. A pilot, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial of topical oils for neonatal skin. British Journal of Dermatology 2015;173:153. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13819] - DOI
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Da Cunha 2008 {published data only}
    1. Da Cunha M, Procianoy R, Franceschini D, De Oliveira L, Cunha ML. Effect of the first bath with chlorhexidine on skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in normal healthy term newborns. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008;40(8):615-20. [DOI: 10.1080/00365540801932447] - DOI - PubMed
Dissanayake 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dissanayake E, Tani Y, Nagai K, Sahara M, Mitsuishi C, Togawa Y, et al. Skin care and synbiotics for prevention of atopic dermatitis or food allergy in newborn infants: a 2 x 2 factorial, randomized, non-treatment controlled trial. International Archives of Allergy & Immunology 2019;180(3):202-11. [DOI: 10.1159/000501636] - DOI - PubMed
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Dizon 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dizon MV, Galzote C, Estanislao R, Mathew N, Sarkar R. Tolerance of baby cleansers in infants: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 2010;47(11):959‐63. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-010-0161-8] - DOI - PubMed
Duan 2019 {published data only}
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    1. NCT02981056. A clinical assessment of the efficacy and effects of different skincare regimens on infants. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02981056 (first received 2 December 2016).
Garcia Bartels 2010 {published data only}
    1. Garcia Bartels N, Scheufele R, Prosch F, Schink T, Proquitté H, Wauer RR, et al. Effect of standardized skin care regimens on neonatal skin barrier function in different body areas. Pediatric Dermatology 2010;27(1):1‐8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.01068.x] - DOI - PubMed
Garcia Bartels 2011 {published data only}
    1. Garcia Bartels N, Rosler S, Martus P, Stroux A, Lonnfors S, Reisshauer A, et al. Effect of baby swimming and baby lotion on the skin barrier of infants aged 3-6 months. Journal of the German Society of Dermatology 2011;9(12):1018‐26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07710.x] - DOI - PubMed
Garcia Bartels 2012 {published data only}
    1. Garcia Bartels N, Massoudy L, Scheufele R, Dietz E, Proquitté H, Wauer R, et al. Standardized diaper care regimen: a prospective, randomized pilot study on skin barrier function and epidermal IL-1α in newborns. Pediatric Dermatology 2012;29(3):270‐6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01590.x] - DOI - PubMed
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Garcia Bartels 2014 {published data only}
    1. Garcia Bartels N, Lunnemann L, Stroux A, Kottner J, Serrano J, Blume-Peytavi U. Effect of diaper cream and wet wipes on skin barrier properties in infants: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Dermatology 2014;31(6):683-91. [DOI: 10.1111/pde.12370] - DOI - PubMed
Horimukai 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, Kondo M, Kitazawa H, Nozaki M, et al. Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014;134(4):824‐30.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.060] - DOI - PubMed
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Kataoka 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kataoka Y, Yoshida N, Nishino H, Maeda N, Sarumaru T, Kijima A, et al. Can skin care from neonatal period prevent the onset of atopic dermatitis? Allergo Journal 2010;19:338-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s40629-019-00114-5] - DOI
Lavender 2011 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN72285670. Baby Skin Care Trial: a study comparing an infant skin-cleansing product with water. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN72285670 (first received 17 March 2009). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN72285670] - DOI
    1. Lavender T, Bedwell C, O'Brien E, Cork MJ, Turner M, Hart A. Infant skin-cleansing product versus water: a pilot randomized, assessor-blinded controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics 2011;11:35. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-35] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lavender 2012 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN86207019. Baby skin care research programme: Baby Wipes study. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN86207019 (first received 17 February 2010). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN86207019] - DOI
    1. Lavender T, Furber C, Campbell M, Victor S, Roberts I, Bedwell C, et al. Effect on skin hydration of using baby wipes to clean the napkin area of newborn babies: assessor-blinded randomised controlled equivalence trial. BMC Pediatrics 2012;12:59. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-59] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Lavender 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lavender T, Bedwell C, Roberts SA, Hart A, Turner MA, Carter LA, et al. Randomized, controlled trial evaluating a baby wash product on skin barrier function in healthy, term neonates. Journal of Obstetric, Gynaecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 2013;42(2):203‐14. [DOI: 10.1111/1552-6909.12015] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lowe 2018a {published and unpublished data}
    1. ACTRN12609000727246. Prevention of eczema by a barrier lipid equilibrium strategy (PEBBLES) pilot study - testing the compliance and safety of a strategy for improving infant skin function. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12609000727246 (first received 19 August 2009).
    1. ACTRN12613000472774. The PEBBLES study: Prevention of Eczema By a Barrier Lipid Equilibrium Strategy. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=364115 (first received 23 April 2013).
    1. ACTRN12617001380381. The PEBBLES study – testing a strategy for preventing eczema and food allergy in high risk infants. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373506 (first received 20 September 2017).
    1. Lowe A, Su J, Allen K, Abramson M, Cranswick N, Robertson C, et al. A randomized trial of a barrier lipid replacement strategy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitization: the PEBBLES pilot study NCD. Pediatric Dermatology 2017;34(S1):S35-6. [DOI: 10.1111/pde.13195] - DOI - PubMed
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Lund 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lund C, Kuller J, Durand DJ. Baby's first bath: changes in skin barrier function after bathing full-term newborns with water vs liquid baby cleanser. Pediatric Dermatology 2019;37:115-9. [DOI: 10.1111/pde.14037] - DOI - PubMed
McClanahan 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. McClanahan D, Wong A, Kezic S, Samrao A, Hajar T, Hill E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an emollient with ceramide and filaggrin-associated amino acids for the primary prevention of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2019;33(11):2807-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15786] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT01375205. Comparing Cetaphil Restoraderm System versus standard skin care in infants. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01375205 (first received 17 June 2011).
Migacheva 2018 {published data only}
    1. Migacheva N, Zhestkov A. Combined approach to primary prevention of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2018;73:331. [DOI: 10.1111/all.13537] - DOI
NCT03376243 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03376243. EARLYEMOLLIENT - Feasibility of early emollient use in children with atopic eczema. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03376243 (first received 18 December 2017).
Raisi Dehkordi 2010 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201102265912N1. The effect of massage with sunflower oil and sesame oil. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201102265912N1 (first received 8 January 2012).
    1. Raisi Dehkordi Z. A comparative study of the effect of massage with sunflower oil or sesame oil on infants' crying and sleep times: a randomized control trial. European Psychiatry 2014;29(Suppl 1):1. [DOI: 10.1016/S0924-9338(14)78247-1] - DOI
Rush 1986 {published data only}
    1. Rush J. Does routine newborn bathing reduce Staphylococcus aureus colonization rates? A randomized controlled trial. Birth 1986;13(3):176‐80. - PubMed
Sankaranarayanan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sankaranarayanan K, Mondkar JA, Chauhan MM, Mascarenhas BM, Mainkar AR, Salvi RY. Oil massage in neonates: an open randomized controlled study of coconut versus mineral oil. Indian Pediatrics 2005;42(9):877‐84. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Simpson 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Chalmers JR, Simpson EL, Chen YY, Cork MJ, Brown SJ, Thomas KS, et al. Feasibility study of barrier enhancement for eczema prevention (BEEP). British Journal of Dermatology 2014;170:e8-9. [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN84854178] - DOI
    1. Glatz M, Jo J, Kennedy EA, Polley EC, Simpson EL, Kong HH. Emollient therapy alters barrier function and skin microbes in infants at risk for developing atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2017;72:311. [DOI: 10.1111/all.13251] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Glatz M, Polley EC, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Simpson EL, Kong HH. Emollient therapy alters barrier function and skin microbes in infants at risk for developing atopic dermatitis. Swiss Medical Weekly 2017;147(Suppl 228):53S.
    1. Glatz M, Polley EC, Simpson EL, Kong HH. Emollient therapy alters skin barrier and microbes in infants at risk for developing atopic dermatitis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015;135:S31. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.69] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Glatz M, Jo JH, Kennedy EA, Polley EC, Segre JA, Simpson EL, et al. Emollient use alters skin barrier and microbes in infants at risk for developing atopic dermatitis. PLOS ONE 2018;13(2):0192443. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192443] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Skjerven 2020 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Carlsen L, Rehbinder EM, Skjerven HO, Hauger Carlsen M, Aspelund Fatnes T, Fugelli P, et al. Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children - the PreventADALL study. Allergy 2018;73(10):2063-70. [DOI: 10.1111/all.13468] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Skjerven HO, Rehbinder EM, Vettukattil R, LeBlanc M, Granum B, Haugen G, et al. Department of Error: Skin emollient and early complementary feeding to prevent infant atopic dermatitis (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial (Lancet (2020) 395(10228) (951-61) (S0140673619329836)). Lancet 2020;395(10228):e53. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30422-0] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Skjerven HO, Rehbinder EM, Vettukattil R, LeBlanc M, Granum B, Haugen G, et al. Skin emollient and early complementary feeding to prevent infant atopic dermatitis (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2020;395(10228):951‐61. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32983-6] - DOI - PubMed
Thitthiwong 2019 {published data only}
    1. TCTR20161208001. The good skin care practices and emollient using since early infancy as the primary prevention of infantile atopic dermatitis in infants at risk: a randomized controlled trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=TCTR20161208001 (first received 4 December 2016).
    1. Thitthiwong P, Koopitakkajorn T. The good skin care practices and emollient using since early infancy as the primary prevention of infantile atopic dermatitis in infants at risk: a randomized controlled trial. Siriraj Medical Journal 2019;72(1):41-6. [DOI: 10.33192/Smj.2020.06] - DOI
Tielsch 2007 {published data only}
    1. NCT00109616. Community trial of newborn skin and umbilical cord cleansing on neonatal mortality in Nepal. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00109616 (first received 2 May 2005).
    1. Tielsch JM, Darmstadt GL, Mullany LC, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq SC, et al. Impact of newborn skin-cleansing with chlorhexidine on neonatal mortality in Southern Nepal: a community-based, cluster-randomized trial. Pediatrics 2007;119(2):e330-40. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-1192] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yonezawa 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000013260. Effects of moisturizing skin care from the neonatal stage for improving skin barrier function and preventing skin trouble. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000013260 (first received 1 March 2014).
    1. Yonezawa K, Haruna M, Matsuzaki M, Shiraishi M, Kojima R. Effects of moisturizing skincare on skin barrier function and the prevention of skin problems in 3-month-old infants: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dermatology 2018;45(1):24‐30. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14080] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Yonezawa K, Haruna M. Short-term skin problems in infants aged 0-3 months affect food allergies or atopic dermatitis until 2 years of age, among infants of the general population. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 2019;15(74):1552. [DOI: 10.1186/s13223-019-0385-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhao 2005 {published data only}
    1. Zhao S, Xie L, Hu H, Xia J, Zhang W, Ye N, et al. A study of neonatal swimming (water therapy) applied in clinical obstetrics. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2005;17(1):59‐62. [DOI: 10.1080/14767050400028782] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12607000466448 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000466448. An intervention to reduce the prevalence and impact of asthma and food allergies occurring in association with atopic dermatitis through improved skin care in infants and young children. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=82278 (first received 11 September 2007).
Ahmed 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed AS, Saha SK, Chowdhury MA, Law PA, Black RE, Santosham M, et al. Acceptability of massage with skin barrier-enhancing emollients in young neonates in Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2007;25(2):236‐40. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Alonso 2013 {published data only}
    1. Alonso C, Larburu I, Bon E, Gonzalez MM, Iglesias MT, Urreta I, et al. Efficacy of petrolatum jelly for the prevention of diaper rash: a randomized clinical trial. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing 2013;18(2):123-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12022] - DOI - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN00356649. Efficacy of petroleum jelly in the prevention of irritant diaper dermatitis. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN00356649 (first received 8 October 2010).
Arline Diana 2020 {published data only}
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    1. Darmstadt GL, Saha SK, Ahmed AS, Chowdhury MA, Law PA, Ahmed S, et al. Effect of topical treatment with skin barrier-enhancing emollients on nosocomial infections in preterm infants in Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9464):1039‐45. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71140-5] - DOI - PubMed
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IRCT201306164617N7 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201306164617N7. Effect of bath on clinical outcomes in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. en.irct.ir/trial/4950 (first received 28 June 2013).
IRCT2013090814594N1 {published data only}
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IRCT20170911036118N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20170911036118N1. Effect of massage and washing in physiological jaundice. en.irct.ir/trial/27093 (first received 17 January 2018).
ISRCTN69836999 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN69836999. A pilot study to understand the best way of applying antiseptic, with or without sunflower oil, to low birth weight newborn babies who are in hospital. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN69836999 (first received 7 April 2020).
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ISRCTN89579779 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN89579779. The use of Aquaphor to prevent transepidermal water loss and to maintain electrolyte balance in preterm newborn infants in the first week of life. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89579779 (first received 30 September 2004). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN89579779] - DOI
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    1. Lund CH, Osborne JW, Kuller J, Lane AT, Lott JW, Raines DA. Neonatal skin care: clinical outcomes of the AWHONN/NANN evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses and the National Association of Neonatal Nurses. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 2001;30(1):41‐51. - PubMed
Manios 2019 {published data only}
    1. Manios Y, Karaglani E, Thijs-Verhoeven I, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Papazoglou A, Maragoudaki E, et al . Milk fat-based formula reduced palmitic acid soaps and excretion of calcium in healthy term infants: Two double-blind, randomized, cross-over trials. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2019;79(OCE2):E268. [DOI: 10.1017/S0029665120002165] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mardini 2020 {published data only}
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    1. Melo PS, Barbieri M, Westphal F, Fustinoni SM, Henrique AJ, Francisco AA, et al. Maternal and perinatal parameters after non-pharmacological interventions: a randomised, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem 2020;33(3):1-9. [CENTRAL: CN-02199203]
Muggli 2009 {published data only}
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Nangia 2015 {published data only}
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NCT00257569 {published data only}
    1. NCT00257569. Study of atopic dermatitis in pediatrics. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00257569 (first received 23 November 2005).
NCT00806221 {published data only}
    1. NCT00806221. An open-label study investigating the effects of early skin barrier protection on the development of atopic dermatitis. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00806221 (first received 10 December 2008).
NCT00917085 {published data only}
    1. NCT00917085. Is skin-to-skin care helpful for preterm infants and their mothers after birth? clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00917085 (first received 10 June 2009).
NCT01131403 {published data only}
    1. NCT01131403. Clinical analysis of the influence of using the skin care products on the diaper area in comparison with using a cotton wool cloth, moistened with clear water on the skin physiology of the newborns from the 1st day to the 4th week of life. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01131403 (first received 27 May 2010).
NCT01177111 {published data only}
    1. NCT01177111. Impact of sunflower seed oil massage on neonatal mortality and morbidity in Nepal. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01177111 (first received 6 August 2010).
    1. Visscher MO, Summers A, Narendran V, Khatry S, Sherchand J, LeClerq S, et al. Birthweight and environmental conditions impact skin barrier adaptation in neonates receiving natural oil massage. Biomedicine Hub 2021;6(1):17-34. [EMBASE: 634019153] - PMC - PubMed
NCT01364948 {published data only}
    1. NCT01364948. Effect of coconut oil application in reducing water loss from skin of premature babies in first week of life (TEWL) (TopOilTewl). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01364948 (first received 3 June 2011).
NCT01396642 {published data only}
    1. NCT01396642. Topical emollient therapy. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01396642 (first received 19 July 2011).
NCT01758068 {published data only}
    1. NCT01758068. Effect of twice daily application of coconut oil in reducing water loss from skin of premature babies in first week of life. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01758068 (first received 31 December 2012).
NCT02120833 {published data only}
    1. NCT02120833. A test to determine the usefulness and safety of a cream used on babies with dry itchy skin. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02120833 (first received 7 September 2015).
NCT02403999 {published data only}
    1. NCT02403999. A tolerability assessment study of three wash products in infants. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02403999 (first received 31 March 2015).
NCT02404493 {published data only}
    1. NCT02404493. Test to determine the effectiveness of moisturizing balm used on babies with dry, itchy skin. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02404493 (first received 31 March 2015).
NCT02557698 {published data only}
    1. NCT02557698. Effectiveness of using an oil bath additive. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02557698 (first received 23 September 2015).
NCT02614248 {published data only}
    1. NCT02614248. The use of coconut oil for the prevention and treatment of diaper dermatitis in the NICU population. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02614248 (first received 25 November 2015).
NCT02857062 {published data only}
    1. To evaluate the in use tolerance of E45 eczema repair emollient in babies and children with (very(dry/atopic skin. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02857062 (first received 5 August 2016).
NCT03089476 {published data only}
    1. NCT03089476. Evaluating skin barrier dysfunction in infants at high risk of atopy. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03089476 (first received 24 March 2017).
NCT03112876 {published data only}
    1. NCT03112876. Sebum collection and skin barrier function analysis (Sebum). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03112876 (first received 13 April 2017).
NCT03143504 {published data only}
    1. NCT03143504. A longitudinal investigation of skin barrier development from birth and the validation of early predictors of atopic eczema risk: the Skin Testing for Atopic eczema Risk (STAR) Study (STAR). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03143504 (first received 8 May 2017).
NCT03719742 {published data only}
    1. NCT03719742. A clinical study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a baby cleanser and a moisturizer. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03719742 (first received 25 October 2018).
NCT03738163 {published data only}
    1. NCT03738163. A clinical investigation with Epaderm® cream (PD-539878). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03738163 (first received 13 November 2018).
NCT03742414 {published data only}
    1. NCT03742414. Seal, stopping atopic dermatitis and allergy study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03742414 (first received 15 November 2018).
NCT03813472 {published data only}
    1. NCT03813472. Hydration sensor for atopic dermatitis. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT03813472 (first received 23 January 2019).
NCT04001855 {published data only}
    1. NCT04001855. Evaluating the effect of bathing additives in atopic dermatitis. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04001855 (first received 28 June 2019).
NCT04099602 {published data only}
    1. NCT04099602. The effect of massage on bilirubin level in infants. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04099602 (first received 23 September 2019).
NCT04231799 {published data only}
    1. NCT04231799. Delaying first bathing and skin barrier function on infant (TEWL). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04231799 (first received 18 January 2020).
NCT04619758 {published data only}
    1. NCT04619758. Emollient therapy in preterm & low birth weight neonates: a randomized clinical trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04619758 (first received 6 November 2020).
NCT04720989 {published data only}
    1. NCT04720989. The effect of cleansing product used in the first bathing on transepidermal water loss and skin Ph in late preterm and term infants: a multicenter, evaluative blind randomized controlled study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04720989 (first received 22 January 2021).
NCT04842786 {published data only}
    1. NCT04842786. Topical coconut oil application and incidence of sepsis in neonates. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04842786 (first received 13 April 2021).
Nesmiyanov 2018 {published data only}
    1. Nesmiyanov P, Gutov M, Strygin A, Tolkachev B, Morkovin E, Dotsenko A. M. vaccae-based formulation for the primary prevention of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2018;73:107. [DOI: 10.1111/all.13535] - DOI
Nopper 1996 {published data only}
    1. Nopper AJ, Horii KA, Sookdeo-Drost S, Wang TH, Mancini AJ, Lane AT. Topical ointment therapy benefits premature infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1996;128(5 Pt 1):660‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(96)80132-6] - DOI - PubMed
Noviello 2005 {published data only}
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PACTR202004705649428 {published data only}
    1. PACTR202004705649428. A cluster randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of household alcohol‐based handrub for the prevention of sepsis, diarrhoea and pneumonia in Ugandan infants. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=PACTR202004705649428 (accessed 13 October 2021).
Perkin 2021 {published data only}
    1. Perkin MR, Logan K, Marrs T, Radulovic S, Craven J, Boyle RJ, et al. Association of frequent moisturizer use in early infancy with the development of food allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2021;147(3):967-76. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pupala 2017 {published data only}
    1. Pupala S, Rao S, Strunk T, Patole S. Topical application of coconut oil to the skin of preterm infants - a systematic review. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2017;53 Suppl 2:82. - PubMed
Pupala 2018 {published data only}
    1. Pupala S, Strunk T, Patole S, Doherty D, Hibbert J. Topical coconut oil to improve skin condition in very preterm infants: a pilot randomised clinical trial. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2018;54:103‐4. [DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13882_280] - DOI
Pupala 2019 {published data only}
    1. Pupala SS, Rao S, Strunk T, Patole S. Topical application of coconut oil to the skin of preterm infants: a systematic review. European Journal of Pediatrics 2019;178(9):1317-24. - PubMed
Qiu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Qiu HM, Zhou L. The clinic effect of Chinese medicine bath therapy on 132 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. Shaanxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2008;29(11):1479‐80.
Quinn 2005 {published data only}
    1. Quinn D, Newton N, Piecuch R. Effect of less frequent bathing on premature infant skin. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 2005;34(6):741‐6. [DOI: 10.1177/0884217505282021] - DOI - PubMed
Ram 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ram PK, Begum F, Crabtree-Ide C, Uddin MR, Weaver AM, Dostogir Harun MG, et al. Waterless hand cleansing with chlorhexidine during the neonatal period by mothers and other household members: findings from a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2020;103(5):2116-26. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Rehbinder 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rehbinder EM, Winger AJ, Landro L, Carlsen KH, Carlsen MH, Fatnes TA, et al. Is dry skin in infants 3 months of age associated with increased transepidermal water loss? British Journal of Dermatology 2018;179(1):e59. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16718] - DOI
Rosenstock 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rosenstock. The impact of emollient therapy during the neonatal period on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Pediatric Academic Society 2007;8315:no pagination.
Sach 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sach TH, McManus E, Levell NJ. Understanding economic evidence for the prevention and treatment of atopic eczema. British Journal of Dermatology 2019;181(4):707-16. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17696] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Salam RA, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA. Effect of emollient therapy on clinical outcomes in preterm neonates in Pakistan: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2015;100(3):F210‐5. [DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307157] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Sawatzky S, Schario M, Stroux A, Lunnemann L, Zuberbier T, Blume-Peytavi U, et al. Children with dry skin and atopic predisposition: outcome measurement with validated scores for atopic dermatitis. Skin Pharmacology & Physiology 2016;29(3):148-56. - PubMed
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    1. Soll RF, Edwards WH. Emollient ointment for preventing infection in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 2. Art. No: CD001150. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001150] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Summers A, Visscher M, Khatry S, Sherchand J, LeClerq S, Katz J, et al. Neonatal skin integrity: impact of mustard seed versus sunflower oil massage among newborns in rural Nepal. Pediatric Dermatology 2017;34:S85. [DOI: 10.1111/pde.13195] - DOI
Tasdemir 2021 {published data only}
    1. Taşdemir Hİ, Efe E. The effect of delaying first bathing on skin barrier function in late preterm infants: a study protocol for multi-centre, single-blind RCT. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2021;77(2):1051-61. [PMID: ] - PubMed
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    1. Tasker F, Brown A, Grindlay DJC, Rogers NK, Harman KE. What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2018. Part 1: prevention and topical therapies. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2020;45(8):974-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. TCTR20161209001. Efficacy of breast milk application on skin condition in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=TCTR20161209001 (first received 9 December 2016).
Telofski 2020 {published data only}
    1. Telofski L, Capone KA, Friscia D, Nikolovski J. Effects of emollient use on the developing infant skin microbiome. Pediatrics 2020;146:128. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.146.1_MeetingAbstract.128] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Visscher M, Odio M, Taylor T, White T, Sargent S, Sluder L, et al. Skin care in the NICU patient: effects of wipes versus cloth and water on stratum corneum integrity. Neonatology 2009;96(4):226-34. - PubMed
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    1. Zheng Y, Wang Q, Ma L, Chen Y, Gao Y, Zhang G, et al. Shifts in the skin microbiome associated with diaper dermatitis and emollient treatment amongst infants and toddlers in China. Experimental Dermatology 2019;28(11):1289-97. [PMID: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ISRCTN38965585 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2014/12/005282. Can an intervention involving improvements in community-based newborn massage practice with promotion of cold-pressed sunflower oil as preferred emollient improve newborn survival in rural North India? www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2014/12/005282 (first received 11 December 2014).
    1. ISRCTN38965585. Can an intervention involving improvements in community-based newborn massage practice with promotion of cold-pressed sunflower oil as preferred emollient improve newborn survival in rural North India? www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN38965585 (first received 8 July 2014). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN38965585] - DOI
JPRN‐UMIN000026877 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000026877. Use test of skin care goods. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000026877 (first received 5 April 2017).
NCT03640897 {published data only}
    1. NCT03640897. Evaluation of the safety and performance of LiNiDERM® in the prevention of infant diaper rash. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03640897 (first received 21 August 2018).
Ng 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ng PSM, Wee LWY, Ho VPY, Tan WC, Bishnoi P, Alagappan U, et al. Moisturisers from birth in at-risk infants of atopic dermatitis - a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 2021 Aug 23 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13703] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR2000035585 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000035585. A multi-center, randomized, single-blind controlled study on the regular use of medical emollients in early birth to reduce the incidence and severity of atopic dermatitis in infants and young children. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2000035585 (first received 14 August 2020).
CTRI/2020/03/023963 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/03/023963. Topical oil for skin protection in neonates. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=41652&EncHid=&userN... (first received 13 March 2020).
Eichner 2020 {published data only}
    1. Eichner B, Michaels LAC, Branca K, Ramsey K, Mitchell J, Morris CD, et al. A Community-based Assessment of Skin Care, Allergies, and Eczema (CASCADE): an atopic dermatitis primary prevention study using emollients - protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):243. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4150-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03409367. A Community-based Assessment of Skin Care, Allergies, and Eczema (CASCADE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03409367 (first received 24 January 2018).
Jabbar‐Lopez 2019 {published data only}
    1. Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Gurung N, Greenblatt D, Briley A, Chalmers JR, Thomas KS, et al. Protocol for an outcome assessor-blinded pilot randomised controlled trial of an ion-exchange water softener for the prevention of atopic eczema in neonates, with an embedded mechanistic study: the Softened Water for Eczema Prevention (SOFTER) trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(8):e027168. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027168] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03270566. Softened water for eczema prevention pilot trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03270566 (first received 1 September 2017).
Lowe 2019 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617001380381. The PEBBLES Study - testing a strategy for preventing eczema and food allergy in high risk infants. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12617001380381 (first received 28 September 2017).
    1. Lowe A, Su J, Tang M, Lodge CJ, Matheson M, Allen KJ, et al. PEBBLES study protocol: a randomised controlled trial to prevent atopic dermatitis, food allergy and sensitisation in infants with a family history of allergic disease using a skin barrier improvement strategy. BMJ Open 2019;9(3):e024594. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024594] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT02906475 {published data only}
    1. NCT02906475. Atopic dermatitis in atopy predisposed infants. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02906475 (first received 20 September 2016).
NCT03142984 {published data only}
    1. NCT03142984. UK BABY study using a baby wash and lotion regimen (BOND). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03142984 (first received 8 May 2017).
NCT03808532 {published data only}
    1. NCT03808532. Moisturizer to prevent atopic dermatitis (ACE-AD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03808532 (first received 17 January 2019).
NCT03871998 {published data only}
    1. NCT03871998. Short-term topical application to prevent atopic dermatitis (STOP AD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03871998 (first received 12 March 2019).
    1. Ni Chaoimh C, Lad D, Nico C, Puppels GJ, Caspers PJ, Irvine AD, et al. Neonatal natural moisturising factor concentrations in a high-risk cohort with parental history of atopy compared to a reference cohort. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2020;75 Suppl 109:91. [EMBASE: 633542472]
    1. Ni Chaoimh C, Lad D, Stamatas GN, Oddos T, Irvine AD, O'B Hourihane J. Parental compliance with an infant moisturization protocol in the first 2 months of life. Allergy 2020;75 Suppl 109:596. [EMBASE: 633545599]
NCT04398758 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04398758. Moisturizer mediated Prevention of symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis in early childhood (MOPAD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04398758 (first received 21 May 2020).
TCTR20200630006 {published data only}
    1. TCTR20200630006. Effect of emollient on newborn skin from birth in the prevention of atopic eczema: a randomized control study in Thai neonates. www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20200630006 (first received 30 June 2020).

Additional references

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References to other published versions of this review

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