Percutaneous tracheostomy in the ICU: a review of the literature and recent updates

Abstract

Purpose of review: The following article summarizes the current available knowledge regarding tracheostomy techniques, indications, contraindications, procedure timing, use of assisted technologies and tracheostomy feasibility and safety in high-risk populations. In light of the ongoing corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, a focus was placed on tracheostomy in this unique patient group.

Recent findings: Percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy (PDT) is commonly used in the ICU setting. It has been shown to be well tolerated and feasible in a diverse patient population including those regarded to be at high risk such as the obese, coagulopathic and acute respiratory failure patient. This patient profile presented itself frequently in the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed studies showed that PDT is well tolerated in COVID-19 ICU patients leading to reduced ICU length of stay (LOS), decrease in ventilator-associated pneumonia rate (VAP) and reduced duration on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Despite initial concerns, virus transmission from patient to healthcare provider (HCP) was shown to be negligible when proper precautions are taken.

Summary: Bedside PDT in the ICU is a well tolerated procedure having the potential to benefit both the individual patient as well as to improve resource utilization of the healthcare system.