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. 2022 Nov 15;12(1):19617.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23907-1.

Potential effects of nano-cellulose and nano-silica/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites in the strengthening of dyed paper manuscripts with madder: an experimental study

Mostafa Abdel-Hamied  1 , Rushdya Rabee Ali Hassan  2 , Mohamed Z M Salem  3 , Toka Ashraf  4 , Merihan Mohammed  4 , Nariman Mahmoud  4 , Yasmin Saad El-Din  4 , Sameh H Ismail  5
Affiliations

Potential effects of nano-cellulose and nano-silica/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites in the strengthening of dyed paper manuscripts with madder: an experimental study

Mostafa Abdel-Hamied et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

In the present work, the composite cross-linked were used to consolidate the dyed paper manuscripts. Nanocomposites of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MPSNP)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/PVA, which have never been used before, have been evaluated for the consolidation process of the dyed paper manuscripts with madder extract. Three concentrations 1%, 3%, and 5% have been prepared. Analysis and investigation methods like scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), X-Ray diffraction Analysis (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and total color difference (ΔE) by spectrophotometer have been used in order to characterize the prepared nano-sized composites and evaluate the treated dyed paper samples before and after the aging process. The results of surface morphology by SEM revealed the effectiveness of MPSNP/PVA core-shell nanocomposite at 5% in the consolidation process, where the improvement of properties of the aged dyed paper samples. The fibers of the treated paper became strong and appeared clearly. The result of ΔE measurements showed that the treated sample with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 5% gave the lowest ΔE (5.22), while, the treated sample with CNF/PVA nanocomposite at 5% gave the highest ΔE value (11.66). Mechanical measurements (tensile strength and elongation) revealed the efficiency of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 5% in the treatment of the aged dyed paper samples. The treated sample with the mentioned material gave tensile strength and elongation values of 84.8 N/nm2 and 1.736%, respectively. In contrast, the treated sample with CNF/PVA nanocomposite at 1% gave the lowest tensile strength and elongation values 38.2 N/nm2, and 1.166%, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed an increase was noticed in the CH2 stretching band (refers to the crystallinity of cellulose), where the intensity of the treated sample with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite was at a 5% increase compared to the control sample. The FTIR results supported the results of mechanical measurements. The intensity of the CH2 stretching band, which refers to the crystallinity index of cellulose, was increased with the use of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 3% and 5%, which explains the improvement in mechanical properties. This may be due to the nano-mineral particles, which improve the mechanical properties. Additionally, they reduce the effect of accelerated thermal aging on the cellulosic fibers and give them stability. The detailed analysis of analytical methods used for evaluation revealed the novelty of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite, especially at 5%. It has a potential role in strengthening and improving different properties of the dyed paper manuscripts with madder extract.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Deteriorated dyed paper manuscript at the central library of Alexandria University; (A) the paper manuscript with dyed leather bookbinding; (B,C) Some dyed paper sheets with madder and presence of different deterioration signs such as fading, tears, insect damage and other. Photos were taken by the co-author Mostafa Abdel-Hamied.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Extraction steps for the dried madder roots. The dried madder roots (A); The grinding process for the dried madder roots in porcelain mortar (B,C); The fine powder from madder roots (D); The final aqueous extract from the dried madder roots (E–G).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Dyeing process for Whatman paper; (A) The final aqueous madder dye in dye bath, (B,C) Immersion of paper sheets in the dye bath, (D) Removing of paper sheets from the dye bath by tweezers, (E) Drying of the dyed paper sheets in room temperature.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Consolidation process of aged dyed paper strips with prepared nanocomposites at different concentrations; (A,B) Immersion of the aged dyed strips in the prepared consolidants; (C) Removing the paper strips by tweezers after saturation and removing the excess from consolidants; (D) The treated paper strips before drying.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Analysis of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite; (a) TEM image; (b,c) AFM images; (d) XRD pattern; (e) DLS.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Analysis of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite; (a) TEM image; (b,c) AFM images; (d) XRD pattern; (e) DLS.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Analysis of NCF/PVA nanocomposite; (a) TEM image; (b,c) AFM images; (d) XRD pattern; (e) Zeta potential.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Analysis of NCF/PVA nanocomposite; (a) TEM image; (b,c) AFM images; (d) XRD pattern; (e) Zeta potential.
Figure 7
Figure 7
SEM micrographs of the untreated, treated, and aged treated samples with NCF/PVA nanocomposite; (A) aged untreated samples; (B) treated sample with 1% before aging; (C) aged treated sample with 1%; (D) treated sample with 3% before aging; (E) aged treated sample with 3%; (F) treated sample with 5% before aging; (G) accumulation of polymer on the paper surface; (H) aged treated sample at with 5%; (I) presence of cracks within the accumulated polymer on the surface.
Figure 8
Figure 8
SEM micrographs of the untreated, treated, and aged treated samples with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite; (A) aged untreated samples; (B) treated sample 1% before aging; (C) aged treated sample at 1%; (D) treated sample 3% before aging; (E) aged treated sample at 3%; (F,G) treated sample 5% before aging; (H,I) aged treated sample at 5%.
Figure 9
Figure 9
FTIR spectra of samples treated with CNF/PVA nanocomposite.
Figure 10
Figure 10
FTIR spectra of samples treated with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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