Preclinical evaluation of combination nemtabrutinib and venetoclax in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract

Inhibitors of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling such as the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are effective therapeutics for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The first-in-class covalent BTK inhibitor, ibrutinib, produces durable responses in most CLL patients; however, complete responses are only observed in a minority of patients. B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), an anti-apoptotic protein that contributes to CLL cell survival, has also been investigated as a therapeutic target. The BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax is effective in patients with CLL and can produce undetectable minimal residual disease, allowing discontinuation of therapy. In combination, ibrutinib and venetoclax have shown preclinical synergy and clinical efficacy. Nemtabrutinib is a next generation, reversible inhibitor of BTK that potently inhibits BCR signaling in treatment-naïve and ibrutinib-refractory CLL cells ex vivo. The clinical efficacy of combining BTK inhibitors with BCL2 inhibitors motivated us to evaluate the novel combination of nemtabrutinib and venetoclax. In vitro studies show that nemtabrutinib and venetoclax are not antagonistic to each other. In an adoptive transfer CLL mouse model, mice treated with nemtabrutinib and venetoclax had prolonged survival compared to mice treated with ibrutinib and venetoclax. Our preclinical studies further validate the combination of BTK inhibitors with venetoclax and justify further investigation of combining nemtabrutinib with venetoclax in CLL.

Keywords: CLL; Ibrutinib; Nemtabrutinib; Venetoclax.

Fig. 1

A Primary CLL cells were treated with DMSO, venetoclax (5 nM), nemtabrutinib (1 μM), ibrutinib (1 μM) or in combination. Ibrutinib was washed out after 1 h and total incubation time was 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry following Annexin V/PI staining. Data are normalized to DMSO control. A linear mixed effect model was used to analyze raw data and p values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s method (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001). B Ibrutinib refractory CLL cells harboring C481S mutant BTK were treated with DMSO, venetoclax (5 nM), nemtabrutinib (1 μM), ibrutinib (1 μM) or in combination. Ibrutinib was washed out after 1 h and total incubation time was 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry following Annexin V/PI staining. Data are normalized to DMSO control. A linear mixed effect model was used to analyze raw data and p values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s method (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001). C Representative immunoblot. Primary CLL cells were treated with DMSO, venetoclax (5 nM), nemtabrutinib (1 μM), ibrutinib (1 μM) or in combination. Ibrutinib was washed out after 1 h and total incubation time was 24 h. Cells were then stimulated with 10 µg plate-bound anti-IgM for the final 15 min of the total incubation time before collection of whole cell lysate and analysis using SDS-PAGE. D, E All immunoblots of primary CLL patient samples were quantified using densitometry software (AlphaView). Protein levels (D. pBTK, E. pERK,) normalized to GAPDH loading control are reported as fold change over vehicle control. A linear mixed effect model was used to analyze raw data normalized to GAPDH loading control and p values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s method (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001). F Primary CLL cells from nemtabrutinib treated patients were co-cultured with NK Tert stromal cells (Riken, RCB2350) before performing BH3 profiling using BIM, BAD, MS-1, Y4ek, and PUMA2A peptides [8]. Baseline cytochrome c release measured in DMSO treated cells has been subtracted from all test conditions and controls presented. Cytochrome c release in response to interaction with BIM, BAD, and Y4ek peptides indicates cellular dependency on BCL2 and BCL-xL. A linear mixed effect model was used to analyze raw data and p values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s method. All statistics represented are in comparison to DMSO treated control (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001). Peptide-protein interaction chart shows high interaction in green and low interaction in gray

Fig. 2

A Splenocytes from 4 Eμ-TCL1 donors were engrafted into C57BL/6NTac mice (n = 93) via tail vein injection in groups of 48, 25, 17, and 3 recipient mice, respectively. Recipient mice were randomly enrolled into treatment groups after developing CD5 + CD19 + disease as assessed by flow cytometry of peripheral blood. Mice were treated daily via oral gavage with vehicle, venetoclax (100 mg/kg), nemtabrutinib (75 mg/kg), ibrutinib (25 mg/kg), venetoclax (100 mg/kg) and nemtabrutinib (75 mg/kg), or venetoclax (100 mg/kg) and ibrutinib (25 mg/kg). Mice receiving single agents were administered two gavages: one gavage containing drug and one gavage containing vehicle. Mice receiving drug combinations were administered two gavages containing each drug separately. B Disease progression of all recipient mice (n = 93). Peripheral blood disease progression was monitored weekly via flow cytometry and is reported as %CD5 + CD19 + of CD45 + cells. C Kaplan–Meier estimated survival of recipient mice engrafted with splenocytes from a single Eµ-TCL1 donor with BCR-dependent disease (n = 48). A log rank test was used to assess the primary statistical comparisons (vehicle vs. nemtabrutinib, vehicle vs. nemtabrutinib and venetoclax, nemtabrutinib vs. nemtabrutinib and venetoclax, and nemtabrutinib and venetoclax vs. ibrutinib and venetoclax). Holm’s method was used to adjust p values to correct for multiple comparisons (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001)