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. 2022 Nov 16;12(1):19652.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-20538-4.

RSM process optimization of biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and waste corn oil in the presence of green and novel catalyst

Taiebeh Tamoradi  1   2 , Ali Reza Kiasat  3 , Hojat Veisi  4 , Valiollah Nobakht  1 , Bikash Karmakar  5
Affiliations

RSM process optimization of biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and waste corn oil in the presence of green and novel catalyst

Taiebeh Tamoradi et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

In the scenario of global warming and pollution, the green synthesis and use of biodiesel has acquired utmost priority. Due to several limitations of homogeneous catalysis, organobase immobilized heterogeneous catalyzed production of biodiesel has come out as a favored route. The present report demonstrates the design and synthesis of Peganum harmala spice seed extract modified GO-CuFe2O4 (SSE@GO-CuFe2O4) nanocomposite as an organobase functionalized high surface area magnetic nanocatalyst. Pistachio leaves were used in the green reduction of precursor salts to synthesize CuFe2O4 NPs. The as-synthesized nanomaterial was characterized physicochemically by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX), elemental mapping, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques (VSM). Subsequently, the catalyst was explored in the efficient synthesis of biodiesels by trans-esterification of two substrates, the rapeseed oil and waste corn oil. The optimum conditions for biodiesel production were determined through response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design including the study of calibration curves and 3D contour plots. Easy separation and workup, use of green medium, excellent reused for several times and short reaction time are outstanding benefits of this study.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
General reaction scheme for transesterification.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic preparation of SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FT-IR spectra of GO (a), GO-CuFe2O4 (b), plant extract (c) and SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 (d).
Figure 4
Figure 4
SEM micrograph of GO (a), GO-CuFe2O4 (b) and SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 (c,d).
Figure 5
Figure 5
EDX analysis of SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Elemental mapping of SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Magnetic hysteresis curves of CuFe2O4 (red) GO-CuFe2O4 (green) and SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 (blue) nanocomposites.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 9
Figure 9
XRD patterns of the CuFe2O4 (a) and SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 (b) nanocomposite.
Figure 10
Figure 10
TEM analysis of SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Transesterification of glycerol esters with MeOH over nanomagnetic SSE@GO-CuFe2O4 catalyst.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The comparison of predicted value against the actual value by the RSM in rapeseed oil (a) and waste corn oil (b).
Figure 13
Figure 13
3D response surface plots of catalyst concentration and M:O for rapeseed oil (a); catalyst concentration and time for rapeseed oil (b); catalyst concentration and M:O for waste corn oil (c); catalyst concentration and time for waste corn oil (d).
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