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. 2023 Jan;30(1):103484.
doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103484. Epub 2022 Oct 31.

High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected individuals in comparison with the general population across Punjab province, Pakistan

Wajiha Kanwal  1   2 , Abdul Rehman  1
Affiliations

High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected individuals in comparison with the general population across Punjab province, Pakistan

Wajiha Kanwal et al. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2023 Jan.

Abstract

The status of vitamin D in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly in naïve as well as treated patients, has never been reported in the Pakistani population. A cross-sectional study was performed to measure vitamin D in individuals infected with HIV living in various districts of the Punjab, Pakistan. 1000 persons attending various treatment centers of the Punjab were screened for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Syphilis. Total 398 patients met inclusion criteria and vitamin D level was measured in respective cases by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. 232 samples from the healthy population were also included in present research. Demographic history and clinical parameters regarding HIV disease were evaluated. Comparison of variables was done to find out the link between vitamin D levels and characteristics of HIV infected persons and comparison to that of healthy individuals was performed. Among 398 HIV patients vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was found among 15 % and 39 % while majority of the control participants had sufficient levels of vitamin D (78 %). Most of the HIV infected individuals were males (68.6 %) and had age between 24 and 47 years (67.8 %). A significant relationship was found for vitamin D level, lifestyle and CD4 count among HIV + ve non acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) subjects (95 % CI; p < 0.001, p = 0.09). For HIV + ve AIDS patients vitamin D had a significant relationship with lifestyle along with HIV viral load and CD4 count. Hypovitaminosis D prevails among the HIV infected population of Punjab, Pakistan.

Keywords: CD4 count; ELISA; HBV/HCV; HIV/AIDS; Hypovitaminosis D.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Samples collected from various places of Lahore district (Punjab) from period of March 2018 to July 2019.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flow scheme to evaluate patient samples for experimental setup.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Comparison of 25(OH) D levels among cases and controls.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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