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. 2022 Nov 1;8(11):e11315.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11315. eCollection 2022 Nov.

Production of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Pennisetum purpureum fibers and its application as a lubricating additive in engine oil

Rajendra Aryasena  1 , Kusmono  1 , Nafiatul Umami  2
Affiliations

Production of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Pennisetum purpureum fibers and its application as a lubricating additive in engine oil

Rajendra Aryasena et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

In the present work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully produced from the Pennisetum purpureum (PP) fibers through ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation. The effect of oxidation temperatures (60, 70, and 80 °C) on the properties of CNCs was characterized. In addition, the influence of CNCs addition (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 wt%) on the lubrication properties of the base oil SAE 40 lubricant was also investigated. The characteristics of the CNCs were determined by using FT-IR, XRD, TEM, and TGA. The lubrication properties were evaluated using kinematic viscosity and viscosity index measurements. The optimal oxidation temperature was found at 60 °C which resulted in the needle-shaped CNCs particles with high crystallinity (66.56%), an average diameter (15 nm), and an average length (79 nm). The resulting CNCs exhibited higher thermal stability than the PP fibers. Both kinematic viscosity and viscosity index did not significantly change by increasing the CNCs contents. However, a slightly higher viscosity index was exhibited for 0.2 wt% CNCs compared to that of neat base oil SAE 40. The CNCs obtained had high potential as a reinforcing agent of nanocomposites and also as a bio-lubricating additive in engine oil.

Keywords: Ammonium persulfate; Cellulose nanocrystals; Lubrication properties; Pennisetum purpureum fibers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Extraction process of PP grass fibers.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Preparation of CNCs from PP fibers through APS oxidation method [57].
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a). SEM image of the selected CNCs (b). EDS diffraction of the CNCs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
TEM images of resulting CNCs at various oxidation temperatures: (a) 60°C (b) 70°C (c) 80°C.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Diameter and length distribution of resulting CNCs at various oxidation temperatures: (a, b) 60 °C (c, d) 70 °C (e, f) 80 °C.
Figure 6
Figure 6
FT-IR spectra of PP fibers and CNCs obtained with different oxidation temperatures of 60, 70, and 80 °C.
Figure 7
Figure 7
XRD patterns of PP fibers and CNCs fabricated at various oxidation temperatures of 60, 70, and 80 °C.
Figure 8
Figure 8
TGA (a) and DTG (b) curves of PP fibers and CNCs at various oxidation temperatures.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Kinematic viscosity of base oil SAE 40 and nano lubricant containing different CNCs contents at 40 and 100 °C.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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