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Review
. 2022 Dec:66:101709.
doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101709. Epub 2022 Oct 31.

Clinical considerations for the diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia

Yves Dauvilliers  1 , Richard K Bogan  2 , Isabelle Arnulf  3 , Thomas E Scammell  4 , Erik K St Louis  5 , Michael J Thorpy  6
Affiliations
Free article
Review

Clinical considerations for the diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia

Yves Dauvilliers et al. Sleep Med Rev. 2022 Dec.
Free article

Abstract

Idiopathic hypersomnia is a sleep disorder of neurologic origin characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, with sleep inertia, long, unrefreshing naps, and prolonged nighttime sleep being key symptoms in many patients. Idiopathic hypersomnia is described in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd Edition as a central disorder of hypersomnolence with distinct clinical features and diagnostic criteria; however, confirming the diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia is often challenging. Diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia is based on objective sleep testing and the presence of associated clinical features but may be difficult for clinicians to recognize and correctly diagnose because of its low prevalence, clinical heterogeneity, and symptoms, which are similar to those of other sleep disorders. The testing required for diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia also presents logistical barriers, and reliability of objective sleep measures is suboptimal. The pathophysiology of idiopathic hypersomnia remains unknown. In this review, clinical considerations related to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of idiopathic hypersomnia will be discussed, including perspectives from the European Union and United States.

Keywords: Diagnosis; Excessive daytime sleepiness; Hypersomnia; Idiopathic hypersomnia; Polysomnography; Sleep inertia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest Y Dauvilliers is a consultant for and has participated in advisory boards for Jazz Pharmaceuticals, UCB Pharma, Avadel, Harmony Biosciences, Idorsia, Orexia, Takeda, Paladin, and Bioprojet. RK Bogan is a shareholder of Watermark Medical and Healthy Humming, LLC; serves on the board of directors for Watermark; is a medical consultant to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Harmony Biosciences, Avadel Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, and Oventus; has conducted industry-funded research for Avadel, Axsome, Bresotec, Bayer, Idorsia, Suven, Jazz, Balance, NLS, Vanda, Merck, Eisai, Philips, Fresca, Takeda, LivaNova, Roche, Sanofi, Sommetrics, and Noctrix; and is on the speakers bureau for Jazz, Eisai, and Harmony. I Arnulf has participated in advisory boards for UCB Pharm, Idorsia, Ono Pharma, and Roche Pharma. TE Scammell has consulted for Avadel, Axsome, Consynance, Eisai, Harmony Biosciences, Idorsia, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Orion Pharma, Takeda, and Tris Pharmaceuticals and has received research grants from the National Institutes of Health, Merck, Jazz, and Takeda. EK St Louis receives research support from the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. MJ Thorpy has received research/grant support and consultancy fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Harmony Biosciences, Balance Therapeutics, Axsome Therapeutics, and Avadel Pharmaceuticals.

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