Enduring impact of childhood adversity: Affective modulation of acoustic startle response during pregnancy and postpartum

Abstract

Background: Women with a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) enter pregnancy and the postpartum with a physiologic system programmed by early life stress, potentially reflected in psychophysiologic reactivity.

Methods: We enrolled pregnant, psychiatrically healthy women ≥18 years old. Using the ACE Questionnaire, women were categorized as high (≥2 ACEs; n = 77) or low ACE (<2 ACEs; n = 72). Participants completed an affective modulation of acoustic startle response (ASR) task during pregnancy and postpartum, in which ASR magnitude was measured while participants viewed pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Two types of control trials were included (habituation trials presented at baseline and intertrial interval trials presented when no picture was present).

Results: Among high ACE women, ASR was significantly higher postpartum compared with pregnancy in the unpleasant (p = 0.002, β = 0.46, 95% CI [0.18, 0.74], χ² = 10.12, z = 3.18) and intertrial interval trials (p = 0.002, β = 0.44, 95% CI [0.16, 0.73], χ² = 9.25, z = 3.04), accounting for multiple comparisons using a Bonferroni correction at p < 0.005. Among low ACE women, ASR was similar in pregnancy and postpartum.

Conclusions: Physiological reactivity increased in high ACE women from pregnancy to postpartum, but no change was observed in low ACE women.

Keywords: Acoustic startle response; Adverse childhood experiences; Early life stress; Perinatal; Postpartum; Pregnancy.

Figure 1.. Acoustic startle response during the five trial types.

For each trial type, the acoustic startle response is presented for pregnancy and postpartum split by maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACE) group. For each trial type, the interaction plot displays the mean log-transformed peak magnitudes (in microvolts) of the acoustic startle response by maternal ACE group (high vs. low) over the two visits (pregnancy vs. postpartum) with means ± standard errors from models that adjusted for race. Low ACE group = 0–1 ACEs. High ACE group = 2+ ACEs. *p < 0.005 due to a Bonferroni correction.

Figure 1.. Acoustic startle response during the five trial types.

For each trial type, the acoustic startle response is presented for pregnancy and postpartum split by maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACE) group. For each trial type, the interaction plot displays the mean log-transformed peak magnitudes (in microvolts) of the acoustic startle response by maternal ACE group (high vs. low) over the two visits (pregnancy vs. postpartum) with means ± standard errors from models that adjusted for race. Low ACE group = 0–1 ACEs. High ACE group = 2+ ACEs. *p < 0.005 due to a Bonferroni correction.