Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Jan:184:108145.
doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108145. Epub 2022 Nov 9.

The ecological impact of liquid chromatographic methods reported for bioanalysis of COVID-19 drug, hydroxychloroquine: Insights on greenness assessment

Heba Shaaban  1
Affiliations

The ecological impact of liquid chromatographic methods reported for bioanalysis of COVID-19 drug, hydroxychloroquine: Insights on greenness assessment

Heba Shaaban. Microchem J. 2023 Jan.

Abstract

Hydroxychloroquine is a drug that has been widely used during the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic. Different liquid chromatographic methods have been reported for the analysis of hydroxychloroquine in various biological matrices such as human plasma, serum, whole blood, oral fluid, rat plasma and tissues. In this comparative study, the most popular tools used for assessing the greenness profile: National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE) were utilized to evaluate the ecological impact of eighteen liquid chromatographic methods developed for the bioanalysis of COVID-19 drug; hydroxychloroquine. NEMI is the simplest tool for evaluating the greenness profile of developed methods, but it is the least informative approach as all the reported methods had the same NEMI pictograms. On the other hand, GAPI is a dependable tool providing a complete picture about the method greenness starting from sampling until the final determination. ESA and AGREE tools are digitally presented and more easily applied. Therefore, their utilization for greenness assessment is highly recommended. Selection of the highest eco-friendly analytical procedure is of a paramount importance for protecting human health and the environment. Considering the greenness of the analytical procedures is highly recommended before proceeding to routine use in order to minimize the chemical hazards to the environment. The most eco-friendly analytical procedures for the analysis of hydroxychloroquine in biological samples according to ESA, GAPI and AGREE tools will be highlighted and discussed.

Keywords: Analytical Greenness metrics; Eco-Scale Assessment; Green Analytical Chemistry; Green Analytical Procedure Index; Hydroxychloroquine; National Environmental Methods Index.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Hua D., Xiong R., Braeckmans K., Scheid B., Huang C., Sauvage F., De Smedt S.C. Concentration gradients in material sciences: methods to design and biomedical applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021;31(15):2009005. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202009005. - DOI
    1. Lu T., Cui J., Qu Q., Wang Y., Zhang J., Xiong R., Ma W., Huang C. Multistructured electrospun nanofibers for air filtration: a review. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021;13(20):23293–23313. - PubMed
    1. Xiong R., Xu R.X., Huang C., De Smedt S., Braeckmans K. Stimuli-responsive nanobubbles for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021;50(9):5746–5776. - PubMed
    1. Parhizgar A.R., Tahghighi A. Introducing new antimalarial analogues of chloroquine and amodiaquine: a narrative review, Iran. J Med. Sci. 2017;42(2):115–118. PMID: 28360437; PMCID: PMC5366359. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bajpaia J., Pradhan A., Singh A., kanta S. Hydroxychloroquine and covid-19– A narrative review. Indian J. Tuberc. 2020;67(4):S147–S154. doi: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.06.004. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources