Bayesian reasoning with emotional material in patients with schizophrenia

Abstract

Delusions are one of the most classical symptoms described in schizophrenia. However, despite delusions are often emotionally charged, they have been investigated using tasks involving non-affective material, such as the Beads task. In this study we compared 30 patients with schizophrenia experiencing delusions with 32 matched controls in their pattern of responses to two versions of the Beads task within a Bayesian framework. The two versions of the Beads task consisted of one emotional and one neutral, both with ratios of beads of 60:40 and 80:20, considered, respectively, as the "difficult" and "easy" variants of the task. Results indicate that patients showed a greater deviation from the normative model, especially in the 60:40 ratio, suggesting that more inaccurate probability estimations are more likely to occur under uncertainty conditions. Additionally, both patients and controls showed a greater deviation in the emotional version of the task, providing evidence of a reasoning bias modulated by the content of the stimuli. Finally, a positive correlation between patients' deviation and delusional symptomatology was found. Impairments in the 60:40 ratio with emotional content was related to the amount of disruption in life caused by delusions. These results contribute to the understanding of how cognitive mechanisms interact with characteristics of the task (i.e., ambiguity and content) in the context of delusional thinking. These findings might be used to inform improved intervention programs in the domain of inferential reasoning.

Keywords: Bayes theorem; beads task; delusions; emotion; jumping to conclusions; schizophrenia.

Figure 1

An example of four different trials of the Beads task with neutral (top row) and emotional (lower row) content. Left screenshots show trials corresponding to the 80:20 jar ratio. Specifically, in the top left example, Series 5 (0Red:100Green) is represented; in the bottom left example Series 6 (80Happy:20Angry) is presented. Right pictures show trials of the 60:40 jar ratio. Specifically, top right picture presents Series 1 for beads (60Red:40Green) and Series 5 (0Happy:100Angry) for faces on bottom right side. Images used with permission from Tottenham et al.(2009).