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. 2022 Nov 4:13:974254.
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.974254. eCollection 2022.

Multiscale entropy and small-world network analysis in rs-fMRI - new tools to evaluate early basal ganglia dysfunction in diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Geheng Yuan  1 , Yijia Zheng  2 , Ye Wang  2   3   4 , Xin Qi  5 , Rui Wang  6 , Zhanyang Ma  1 , Xiaohui Guo  1 , Xiaoying Wang  6 , Jue Zhang  2   7
Affiliations

Multiscale entropy and small-world network analysis in rs-fMRI - new tools to evaluate early basal ganglia dysfunction in diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Geheng Yuan et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Objective: The risk of falling increases in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) patients. As a central part, Basal ganglia play an important role in motor and balance control, but whether its involvement in DPN is unclear.

Methods: Ten patients with confirmed DPN, ten diabetes patients without DPN, and ten healthy age-matched controls(HC) were recruited to undergo magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) to assess brain structure and zone adaptability. Multiscale entropy and small-world network analysis were then used to assess the complexity of the hemodynamic response signal, reflecting the adaptability of the basal ganglia.

Results: There was no significant difference in brain structure among the three groups, except the duration of diabetes in DPN patients was longer (p < 0.05). The complexity of basal ganglia was significantly decreased in the DPN group compared with the non-DPN and HC group (p < 0.05), which suggested their poor adaptability.

Conclusion: In the sensorimotor loop, peripheral and early central nervous lesions exist simultaneously in DPN patients. Multiscale Entropy and Small-world Network Analysis could detect basal ganglia dysfunction prior to structural changes in MRI, potentially valuable tools for early non-invasive screening and follow-up.

Keywords: basal ganglia; diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN); early diagnostic marker; early dysfunction; multiscale entropy (MSE); rs-fMRI (resting state fMRI); small-world network.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewers QP and LX declared a shared affiliation with the authors to the handling editor at the time of review.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A flow chart of the study design.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Group average SampEn over multiple time scales of left precentral gyrus, right supplementary motor area(SMA), left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, left paracentral lobule, left and right putamen, right globus pallidum in the DPN group compared with the non-DPN group. (*, p<0.05; **, p<0.01).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The weakened nodal network metrics in the DPN group compared with the non-DPN group and healthy control group. (PreCG, precentral gyrus; PoCG, postcentral gyrus; SPG, superior parietal gyrus; PCL, paracentral lobule; PUT, putamen; PAL, globus pallidum; Eloc, local efficiency; Cp, cluster coefficient; Eg, global efficiency; Lp, shortest path length; ↑ or ↓: the values of nodal network metrics in the DPN group are greater/smaller than those in the non-DPN group and the healthy control group).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Connection matrix and weakened connections of brain region related to sensorimotor processing. (A) Brain connection matrix of the DPN group. (B) Brain connection matrix of the non-DPN group. (C) Weakened connections in regions related to sensorimotor processing in the DPN group compared with the non-DPN group. Warm color (non-DPN>DPN). (D) Weakened connections in regions related to sensorimotor processing in the DPN group compared with the non-DPN group. Warm color (non DPN>DPN). (E) Weakened connections in regions related to sensorimotor processing in the DPN group compared with the HC group. (PreCG, precentral gyrus; SMA, supplementary motor area; INS, insula; PoCG, postcentral gyrus; SPG, superior parietal gyrus; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; PCL, paracentral lobule; PUT, putamen; PAL, globus pallidum; THA, thalamus).
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