Animal models to investigate the effects of inflammation on remyelination in multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In people with MS, impaired remyelination and axonal loss lead to debilitating long-term neurologic deficits. Current MS disease-modifying drugs mainly target peripheral immune cells and have demonstrated little efficacy for neuroprotection or promoting repair. To elucidate the pathological mechanisms and test therapeutic interventions, multiple animal models have been developed to recapitulate specific aspects of MS pathology, particularly the acute inflammatory stage. However, there are few animal models that facilitate the study of remyelination in the presence of inflammation, and none fully replicate the biology of chronic demyelination in MS. In this review, we describe the animal models that have provided insight into the mechanisms underlying demyelination, myelin repair, and potential therapeutic targets for remyelination. We highlight the limitations of studying remyelination in toxin-based demyelination models and discuss the combinatorial models that recapitulate the inflammatory microenvironment, which is now recognized to be a major inhibitor of remyelination mechanisms. These models may be useful in identifying novel therapeutics that promote CNS remyelination in inflammatory diseases such as MS.

Keywords: EAE; adoptive transfer; cuprizone; inflammation; multiple sclerosis; remyelination.

FIGURE 1

Schematic overview of inflammatory demyelination models, showing how inflammation contributes to de- and re-myelination following cuprizone intoxication. ATCup, Adoptive Transfer Cuprizone; CAE, Cuprizone Autoimmune Encephalitis; CFA, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant; DOX, Doxycyclin; EAE, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis; MOG, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; OPC, Oligodendrocyte precursor cells; PTX, Pertussis toxin.