Potential conflicts of interest. M. H. T. is in receipt of grant funding support from Delta Dental Research and Data Institute of Michigan and the National Institutes of Health (US), unconnected with the submitted work. M. D. reports support from Biotronik in the last 3 years and payment to the author for expert testimony from Bevan Brittan, which was unconnected to the submitted work. B. D. P. reports unrestricted research and educational grants from Edwards LifeSciences; lecture fees from Abbott, Anteris. and Edwards Lifesciences; and has received consultancy fees while serving on the Scientific Advisory Board for Anteris and Microport (all unconnected to the submitted work). P. L. is in receipt of grant funding from the National Institutes of Health, unconnected with the submitted work. L. B. has received royalty payments (authorship duties) from UpToDate, Inc, and consulting fees from Boston Scientific, Botanix Pharmaceuticals, and Roivant Sciences (all unconnected to the submitted work). M. H. T. has no nonfinancial interests relevant to the submitted work. L. B. and P. L. were members of the American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease and were involved in drafting the 2007 and 2021 American Heart Association guidelines on the prevention of infective endocarditis. M. D. was a consultant to the review committee that produced the 2015 update to NICE clinical guideline 64 on prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. B. D. P. was a member of the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) that produced the 2009 ESC guidelines and acted as an external advisor to the committee that produced the NICE clinical guideline 64 on Prophylaxis Against Infective Endocarditis in March 2008. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.