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Meta-Analysis
. 2022 Nov 21;37(45):e332.
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e332.

Coffee Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

Minjung Han  1 , Yoonjin Oh  2 , Seung-Kwon Myung  2   3   4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Coffee Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

Minjung Han et al. J Korean Med Sci. .

Abstract

Background: It remains unclear whether coffee intake is associated with the risk of hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension by using a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched using keywords in September 2022 to identify studies on coffee intake and the risk of hypertension.

Results: We included a total of 13 longitudinal cohort studies, which involved a total of 64,650 incident cases of hypertension among 314,827 participants. In a random effects model meta-analysis of all the studies, coffee intake was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension (relative risk [RR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90–1.05; I² = 58.0%; n = 13). In the subgroup meta-analysis, coffee intake was associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in studies conducted in America (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87-0.98; I² = 4.6%; n = 5) and in low-quality studies (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88-0.96; I² = 0.0%; n = 7). In the remaining subgroup meta-analyses by amount of coffee intake, gender, type of coffee (decaffeinated vs. caffeinated), smoking, and years of follow-up, coffee intake was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension.

Conclusion: The current meta-analysis showed that coffee intake is not associated with the risk of hypertension.

Keywords: Coffee; Cohort Studies; Hypertension; Meta-Analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Flow diagram of identification of relevant studies.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Association between coffee intake and risk of hypertension in a random-effects model meta-analysis of cohort studies (n = 13).
RR = relative risk, CI = confidence interval, NHS = nurses’ health study.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s test for identifying publication bias in the meta-analysis of observational studies.
RR = relative risk, SE = standard error.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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