Viral reactivation in the lungs of patients with severe pneumonia is associated with increased mortality, a multicenter, retrospective study

Abstract

Viral reactivation is widespread in patients with severe pneumonia, yet the landscape of viral reactivation in the lungs is not well-known. This study aims to assess the landscape and clinical features of viral reactivation in the early onset of severe pneumonia in ICU patients. The clinical data from 97 patients were collected retrospectively from the intensive care units of five teaching hospitals between June 2018 and July 2021. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was performed at the onset of severe pneumonia. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were the most common reactivated viruses in the lower respiratory tract of patients with severe pneumonia. After adjusting for the risk of confounding and competition of age, sex, sequential organ failure assessment, acute physiology chronic health assessment II and immunosuppression status, viral reactivation resulted in an overall 2.052-fold increase in 28-day all-cause mortality (95% CI: 1.004-4.194). This study showed that CMV, HSV-1, and EBV were the most common reactivated viruses in the lungs of patients with severe pneumonia. The existence of viral reactivations was associated with an increased risk of mortality. The simultaneous reactivation of multiple viruses needs to be considered in the design of clinical trials.

Keywords: Epstein-Barr virus; cytomegalovirus; herpes simplex virus; mNGS; reactivation.

Figure 1

Overview of the mNGS analysis of Bacteriome, Mycobiome and Virome. Heatmap illustrating the relative abundance of key taxa within bacterial, fungal and viral communities. Each column represents a patient.

Figure 2

(A–C) Kaplan–Meier curve of immunosuppressed (A) nonimmunosuppressed (B) or total patient (C) at 28 days after mNGS detection