A biochemical and histology experimental approach to investigate the adverse effect of chronic lead acetate and dietary furan on rat lungs

Abstract

Despite lead widespread environmental pollution, its effect on humans and livestock's respiratory systems remains inadequately investigated. Similarly, furan is industrially relevant with enormous environmental presence. Lead and furan can be ingested -via lead pipes contaminated water and heat-treated food respectively. Thus, humans are inadvertently exposed continuously. Lead toxicity is well studied, and furan have earned a position on the IARC's list of carcinogens. Here, we evaluate the effect of co-exposure to lead and furan on rat lungs. Thirty Wistar rats were grouped randomly into six cohorts (n = 6) consisting of a control group, furan alone group, lead acetate (PbAc) alone group and three other groups co-exposure to graded PbAc (1, 10 & 100 µg/L) alongside a constant furan (8 mg/kg) dose. After twenty-eight days, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers were biochemically evaluated. The ELISA-based technique was used to measure oxidative-DNA damage (8-OHG), tumour protein 53 (TP53) expressed and tumour necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α) level. Dose-dependent increases (p < 0.05) in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase, TNF-α and TP53 level, with an associated decrease (p < 0.05) in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were observed in the furan, PbAc and the co-treated rats relative to the control. In addition, PbAc and furan treatment impaired the histoarchitectural structures of rat lungs, exemplified by pro-inflammatory cell infiltration and trafficking into the bronchioles and alveolar spaces. Co-exposure to furan and PbAc may contribute to lung dysfunction via loss of redox balance, genomic damage/instability, inflammation and disrupted histoarchitectural features.

Keywords: DNA damage; Furan; Inflammation; Lead acetate; Lungs; Oxidative stress.