The World Health Organization COVID-19 surveillance database

Abstract

In January 2020, SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified as a cause of an outbreak in China. The disease quickly spread worldwide, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the pandemic in March 2020.From the first notifications of spread of the disease, the WHO's Emergency Programme implemented a global COVID-19 surveillance system in coordination with all WHO regional offices. The system aimed to monitor the spread of the epidemic over countries and across population groups, severity of the disease and risk factors, and the impact of control measures. COVID-19 surveillance data reported to WHO is a combination of case-based data and weekly aggregated data, focusing on a minimum global dataset for cases and deaths including disaggregation by age, sex, occupation as a Health Care Worker, as well as number of cases tested, and number of cases newly admitted for hospitalization. These disaggregations aim to monitor inequities in COVID-19 distribution and risk factors among population groups.SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves continue to sweep the world; as of March 2022, over 445 million cases and 6 million deaths have been reported worldwide. Of these, over 327 million cases (74%) have been reported in the WHO surveillance database, of which 255 million cases (57%) are disaggregated by age and sex. A public dashboard has been made available to visualize trends, age distributions, sex ratios, along with testing and hospitalization rates. It includes a feature to download the underlying dataset.This paper will describe the data flows, database, and frontend public dashboard, as well as the challenges experienced in data acquisition, curation and compilation and the lessons learnt in overcoming these. Two years after the pandemic was declared, COVID-19 continues to spread and is still considered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). While WHO regional and country offices have demonstrated tremendous adaptability and commitment to process COVID-19 surveillance data, lessons learnt from this major event will serve to enhance capacity and preparedness at every level, as well as institutional empowerment that may lead to greater sharing of public health evidence during a PHEIC, with a focus on equity.

Keywords: COVID-19; Database; Disaggregation; Equity; Health care workers; Pandemic; Population-based surveillance; Public health; Repository; SARS-CoV-2.

Fig. 1

WHO-HQ COVID-19 surveillance data base: data flow. Source: WHO-HQ COVID-19 IMST Epi Pillar Data management team

Fig. 2

Milestones in early set up of WHO-HQ COVID-19 surveillance

Fig. 3

Example of the epidemiological curve of COVID-19 cases and deaths in a select country from the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard

Fig. 4

Example of age disaggregation of cases and deaths visualization from the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard

Fig. 5

Examples of case fatality ratio and cases trends by age group visualization from the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard

Fig. 6

Examples of sex disaggregation of cases and deaths from the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard

Fig. 7

Examples of cases and deaths among Health Care Workers visualization from the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard

Fig. 8

Example of number of new hospitalized cases visualization from the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard

Fig. 9

Overall availability of data and data with age and sex disaggregation in the WHO-HQ COVID-19 surveillance database (percentage of countries)