Mechanistic studies of MALAT1 in respiratory diseases

Abstract

Background: The incidence of respiratory diseases and the respiratory disease mortality rate have increased in recent years. Recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 is involved in various respiratory diseases. In vascular endothelial and cancer cells, MALAT1 expression triggers various changes such as proinflammatory cytokine expression, cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, and increased endothelial cell permeability. Methods: In this review, we performed a relative concentration index (RCI) analysis of the lncRNA database to assess differences in MALAT1 expression in different cell lines and at different locations in the same cell, and summarize the molecular mechanisms of MALAT1 in the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases and its potential therapeutic application in these conditions. Results: MALAT1 plays an important regulatory role in lncRNA with a wide range of effects in respiratory diseases. The available evidence shows that MALAT1 plays an important role in the regulation of multiple respiratory diseases. Conclusion: MALAT1 is an important regulatory biomarker for respiratory disease. Targeting the regulation MALAT1 could have important applications for the future treatment of respiratory diseases.

Keywords: long-stranded non-coding RNA; lung cancer; metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript; respiratory disease; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

FIGURE 1

MALAT1 expression in common cell lines. The relative concentration index (RCI) was calculated using RNA-Seq data for each cellular fraction harvested by ensemble. The values above and below each cluster bar graph are the number of reads expressed by MALAT1 in the cytoplasm and nucleus of that cell line, respectively. The CN RCI values for MALAT1 were expressed in both the cytoplasm and the nuclei but were relatively more abundant in the latter. Positive values indicate localization to the cytoplasm and negative values indicate localization to the nucleus. Absolute values increase with localization intensity. Abbreviations: C, cytoplasmic; N = nuclear.

FIGURE 2

Cytoplasmic-to-nuclear relative concentration index (RCI) of MALAT1 in different cell lines. m, median RCI value per group; n, number of genes per group.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3 shows the cell lines in which MALAT1 expression is present and the targets of action of these cell lines, and is a visual analysis of Figures 1, 2. As shown in the figure the green section shows the cell line on which MALAT1 acts, and the purple section shows the specific location of the action.

FIGURE 4

Regulation of different microRNAs (miRNAs) by MALAT1 and the related targets of action of MALAT1.This figure explains the pathophysiology related aspects in the process of related respiratory diseases through MALAT1. MALAT1 further affects the development of the disease by regulating related signal pathways, proteins and miRNAs.