A Pilot Study on Attentional Focus in Prescribing Physical Exercise in Outpatients with Obesity

Abstract

This pilot study compared the effects of two attentional focus strategies on fitness parameters and body composition in outpatients with obesity. This was a randomized, controlled study that enrolled 94 obese individuals and allocated them into an internal focus group (IF) or an external focus group (EF) while performing six weeks of a home-based training program. The home-based exercise program was the same for both groups except for the instructions that shifted the attention to an external or an internal condition. At the beginning and after the intervention period, participants were assessed for functional performance using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), body balance using the Modified Balance Error Scoring System (M-BESS) and muscular strength with the Handgrip Strength Test (HST) and the Five-Repetition Sit-To-Stand (FRSTS) test. Concerning body composition and anthropometric parameters, the body mass index (BMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) were calculated. Significant improvements, main interactions and effects of time and groups were highlighted in the EF group as compared to the IF group in FMS (35% vs. 21%), M-BESS (42% vs. 18%), HST (13% vs. 7%) and FRSTS (23% vs. 12%) measures, while FM% (5%) and BMI (6% vs. 5%) showed a similar improvement overtime (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings provide initial evidence that a 6-week training program performed following external focus instruction is able to promote significant enhancements in movement efficiency, balance and muscular strength as compared to an internal focus cue. Fitness coaches and therapists might consider integrating a specific attentional focus strategy when designing rehabilitation programs in subjects with obesity.

Keywords: attentional focus; external focus; obesity; physical exercise.

Figure 1

Fitness parameters: (A) FMS Composite Score, (B) M-BESS Composite Score, (C) HST, (D) FRSTS. ^§ Significant interaction (p < 0.001). *** Significant main effect of time before and after testing (p < 0.001). ^### Significant main effect of group (EF vs. IF) (p < 0.001).

Figure 2

Anthropometric and body compositional parameters: (A) Body Mass Index, (B) Fat Mass percentage. *** Significant main effect of time before and after testing (p < 0.001).