Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Jan;37(1):101-109.
doi: 10.1111/jvim.16595. Epub 2022 Nov 25.

Relationship between serum magnesium, calcium, and parathyroid concentrations in dogs with abnormally low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and chronic or protein-losing enteropathy

Charles Jones  1 , Sara A Jablonski  1 , Brian K Petroff  2 , Daniel K Langlois  1
Affiliations

Relationship between serum magnesium, calcium, and parathyroid concentrations in dogs with abnormally low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and chronic or protein-losing enteropathy

Charles Jones et al. J Vet Intern Med. 2023 Jan.

Abstract

Background: The relationship between the development of SHPT and ionized magnesium (iMg) concentrations in blood of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease and abnormally low 25(OH)D is undefined.

Objectives: Evaluate relationships between ionized magnesium (iMg), PTH, ionized calcium (iCa), and 25(OH)D in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) with or without protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) and abnormal 25(OH)D. Determine whether dogs with CE or PLE, decreased 25(OH)D and SHPT have differences in iMg, iCa, or 25(OH)D when compared to dogs that do not have SHPT.

Animals: Fifty dogs with CE +/- PLE and abnormally low serum 25(OH)D.

Methods: Retrospective search of submissions database at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for vitamin D profiles submitted in years 2017 to 2020. Cases were excluded if supplemented with Ca, Mg, or vitamin D. Spearman correlation was performed to evaluate relationships between iMg, PTH, 25(OH)D, and iCa. Ionized Mg, iCa, and 25(OH)D concentrations were compared between dogs with SHPT and those with normal PTH concentrations.

Results: Concentrations of iMg were weakly negatively correlated with PTH (rho, -.31; P = .03), and weakly positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D (rho, .34, P = .02) and iCa (rho, .42, P = .003). Ionized magnesium concentrations were lower in dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and SHPT compared to dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and normal parathyroid hormone concentrations (P = .01).

Conclusions and clinical importance: Hypomagnesemia might contribute to alterations in iCa and parathyroid hormone in dogs with CE +/- PLE and abnormally low 25(OH)D.

Keywords: 25(oh)D; calcium; enteropathy; magnesium; parathyroid; protein-losing enteropathy.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors are employees of Michigan State University where the diagnostic assays are performed, however, none of the authors benefit financially from submission of samples for the described assays.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flow diagram detailing case enrollment, removal, and completion
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Scatter plot showing relationship between PTH and iMg in dogs with CE +/− PLE and abnormally low 25(OH)D. iMg, ionized magnesium; PTH, parathyroid hormone
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Dot plot of iMg in CE +/− PLE dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and normal PTH versus SHPT. Horizontal bar represents median. Interquartile range also shown. CE, chronic enteropathy; iMg, ionized magnesium; PLE, protein‐losing enteropathy; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SHPT, secondary hyperparathyroidism
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Dot plot of iCa in CE +/− PLE dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and normal PTH versus SHPT. Horizontal bar represents median. Interquartile range also shown. CE, chronic enteropathy; iCa, ionized calcium; PLE, protein‐losing enteropathy; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SHPT, secondary hyperparathyroidism
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Dot plot of 25(OH)D in CE +/− PLE dogs with abnormally low 25(OH)D and normal PTH versus SHPT. Horizontal bar represents median. Interquartile range also shown. 25(OH)D, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D; CE, chronic enteropathy; PLE, protein‐losing enteropathy; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SHPT, secondary hyperparathyroidism
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Titmarsh H, Gow AG, Kilpatrick S, et al. Association of vitamin D status and clinical outcome in dogs with a chronic enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29:1473‐1478. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wennogle SA, Priestnall SL, Suárez‐Bonnet A, et al. Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:1995‐2004. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gow AG, Else R, Evans H, Berry JL, Herrtage ME, Mellanby RJ. Hypovitaminosis D in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and hypoalbuminaemia. J Small Anim Pract. 2011;52:411‐418. - PubMed
    1. Allenspach K, Rizzo J, Jergens AE, Chang YM. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with negative outcome in dogs with protein losing enteropathy: a retrospective study of 43 cases. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:96. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mellanby RJ, Mellor PJ, Roulois A, et al. Hypocalcaemia associated with low serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations in two dogs with protein‐losing enteropathies. J Small Anim Pract. 2005;46:345‐351. - PubMed