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. 2022 Nov 18;12(22):3203.
doi: 10.3390/ani12223203.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle Leaf Extract and Some Topical Agents against Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Strains from Canine Pyoderma

Patcharaporn Phensri  1 , Kokaew Thummasema  1 , Udomlak Sukatta  2 , Serge Morand  3   4 , Chantima Pruksakorn  1
Affiliations

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle Leaf Extract and Some Topical Agents against Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Strains from Canine Pyoderma

Patcharaporn Phensri et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

As multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) is becoming more prevalent in canine pyoderma, the discovery of new therapeutic options is required. This study aimed to test the antimicrobial activity of crude Piper betle leaf extract and some topical antimicrobial agents against canine Staphylococcus clinical strains by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that the mean MICs of chlorhexidine, miconazole, crude P. betle leaf extract, azelaic acid, and benzoyl peroxide against Staphylococcus strains were 1.41, 1.62, 252.78, 963.49, and 1342.70 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, betel leaf extract demonstrated a superior efficacy to azelaic acid and benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, the ratio of MBC/MIC of betel leaf extract was 1.75, indicating its bactericidal action. When applied to methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP), betel leaf extract was equally efficient towards both groups. S. pseudintermedius strains were more susceptible to betel leaf extract than S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. In gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, eugenol and hydroxychavicol appeared to be the major components of betel leaf extract. Given its efficacy, dogs with pyoderma could benefit from the use of betel leaf extract as a topical antimicrobial alternative.

Keywords: Piper betle leaf extract; Staphylococcus pseudintermedius; Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans; azelaic acid; benzoyl peroxide; chlorhexidine; dog; miconazole; pyoderma.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of Piper betle leaf extract, azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, miconazole, and chlorhexidine against 75 Staphylococcus clinical isolates of canine pyoderma. Only chlorhexidine’s MIC was determined in 39 Staphylococcus isolates, and its MBC was not determined. Data were expressed as means and standard deviations. a, b, c, d Above mean MIC bars and a*, b*, c*, d* above mean MBC bars carrying different superscripts are significantly different by Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA (p < 0.0001).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Piper betle leaf extract, azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, miconazole, and chlorhexidine against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MSSP), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans (MRSS). Only chlorhexidine’s MIC was determined in 16 MRSP, 11 MSSP, and 10 MRSS. Data were expressed as means and standard deviations. a, b above mean MIC bars carrying different superscripts is significantly different by Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA (p < 0.0001).
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