Development and Chemical-Sensory Characterization of Chickpeas-Based Beverages Fermented with Selected Starters

Abstract

Legume protein ingredients are receiving continuous interest for their potential to formulate plant-based dairy analogs. In this study, a legume-based slurry was produced from an Apulian black chickpeas (BCP) protein concentrate and fermented with three starter cultures, Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), a co-culture of ST with Lactococcus lactis (STLL) and a co-culture of ST with Lactobacillus plantarum (STLP). The effect of fermentation on the biochemical, texture and sensorial parameters was evaluated. The same beverage without inoculum was used as a control (CTRL). All the obtained fermented beverages were characterized by high protein (120.00 g kg−1) and low-fat contents (17.12 g kg−1). Fermentation contributed to a decrease in the contents of phytic acid by 10 to 79% and saturated fatty acids by 30 to 43%, with the STLP fermentation exercising the major effect. The three culture starters influenced the texture and sensorial attributes and the profile of the volatile compounds differently. Fermentation increased the lightness, consistency, cohesivity and viscosity of the formulated beverages. On a sensorial level, STLL had a major effect on the acidity, sourness and astringency, while both ST and STLP affected the creaminess, solubility and stickiness. Legumes and grass aromas were masked in LAB-fermented samples, probably due to a new VOC formation. The functional properties of LAB fermentation, along with the high protein content of the black chickpeas concentrate, provide the opportunity to formulate a clean label and safe plant-based fermented beverage with higher nutritional value compared to the others currently found in the market.

Keywords: alternative proteins; anti-nutritional factors; lactic acid bacteria strains; legumes; plant-based food; yogurt alternative.

Figure 1

Protocol of preparation of the three black chickpeas fermented beverages.

Figure 2

The spider diagram of descriptive sensory analysis on the beverages made with black chickpeas and fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), represented by orange dots and line, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis (STLL), represented by grey dots and line and Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum (STLP), represented by yellow dots and line. A beverage without inoculum (CTRL) was used as control and is represented by the blue dots and line.