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. 2022 Nov 21;11(22):3745.
doi: 10.3390/foods11223745.

The Discrimination and Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Different Areas of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Pericarps and Leaves by HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS

Xinlong Wu  1 , Jiaxin Yin  1 , Hui Ding  1 , Wei Li  1 , Lifeng Han  2   3 , Wenzhi Yang  2   3 , Fangyi Li  1   2   3 , Xinbo Song  1   2   3 , Songtao Bie  1   2   3 , Xingchu Gong  4 , Heshui Yu  1   2   3 , Zheng Li  1   2   3
Affiliations

The Discrimination and Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Different Areas of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Pericarps and Leaves by HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS

Xinlong Wu et al. Foods. .

Abstract

The pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (ZBP) and leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (ZBL) are popular spices in China, and they have pharmacological activities as well. In this experiment, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Sichuan (SJ) and its leaves (SJY) and the pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Shaanxi (SHJ) and its leaves (SHJY) were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The fingerprint of HS-GC-IMS and the heat maps of HS-SPME-GC-MS were established. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed. The results showed that a total of 95 components were identified, 62 components identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS and 40 components identified by HS-GC-IMS, of which 7 were the same. The analysis found that SJ and SHJ were obviously distinguished, while SJY and SHJY were not. There were considerably fewer VOCs in the leaves than in the pericarps. In the characterization of the VOCs of ZBL and ZBP, the flavor of ZBP was more acrid and stronger, while the flavor of ZBL was lighter and slightly acrid. Thirteen and eleven differential markers were identified by HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively. This is helpful in distinguishing between SHJ and SJ, which contributes to their quality evaluation.

Keywords: Zanthoxylum bungeanum; fingerprint; headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry; headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis; principal component analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A): topographic of SHJ, SJ, SHJY, SJY detected by HS-GC-IMS; (B,C): gallery plot of SHJ, SJ, SHJY, SJY detected by HS-GC-IMS. The a, b, c, d, and e are significant components of ZBL, ZBP and ZBL, ZBP, SHJ and SJ, respectively, among the identified components. (The codes of the compounds correspond to those in Table 1.)
Figure 2
Figure 2
GC-MS total ion chromatogram ((A–E) corresponded to SJ, SHJ, SHJY, SJY, Reference compounds).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Heatmap of cluster analysis of content detected by HS-SPME-GC-MS. The a, b, c, d, e, f and g correspond to alkene, other, phenol, acid, aldehyde, ketone, ester and alcohol, respectively (the codes of the compounds correspond to those in Supplementary Table S3).
Figure 4
Figure 4
PCA, OPLS-DA, Permutation and VIP of HS-SPME-GC-MS correspond to (A–C,G); PCA, OPLS-DA, Permutation and VIP of HS-GC-IMS correspond to (D–F,H). (The codes of the compounds correspond to those in Supplementary Table S3).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Percentage of component content of SHJ, SJ, SHJY, SJY. (A,B): the absolute and percentage contents of HS-GC-IMS; (C,D): the absolute and percentage contents of HS-SPME-GC-MS.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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