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. 2022 Nov 9;14(22):4817.
doi: 10.3390/polym14224817.

Multifunctional Performance of Hybrid SrFe12O19/BaTiO3/Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites

Georgia C Manika  1 , Sevasti Gioti  1 , Aikaterini Sanida  1 , Georgios N Mathioudakis  2 , Anxhela Abazi  1   3 , Thanassis Speliotis  3 , Anastasios C Patsidis  1 , Georgios C Psarras  1
Affiliations

Multifunctional Performance of Hybrid SrFe12O19/BaTiO3/Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites

Georgia C Manika et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Polymer matrix nanocomposites are widely studied because of the versatility of their physical and mechanical properties. When these properties are present simultaneously, responding at relative stimuli, multifunctional performance is achieved. In this study, hybrid nanocomposites of SrFe12O19 and BaTiO3 ceramic particles dispersed in an epoxy resin matrix were fabricated and characterized. The content of SrFe12O19 was varying, while the amount of BaTiO3 was kept constant. The successful fabrication of the nanocomposites and the fine dispersion of the ceramic particles was verified via the morphological and structural characterization carried out with X-ray Diffraction patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopy images. Dielectric response and related relaxation phenomena were studied by means of Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy. Dielectric permittivity augments with filler content, while the recorded relaxations, with descending relaxation time, are: (i) interfacial polarization, (ii) glass-to-rubber transition, (iii) intermediate dipolar effect, and (iv) re-orientation of polar-side groups of the main polymer chain. SrFe12O19 nanoparticles induce magnetic properties to the nanocomposites, which alter with the magnetic filler content. Static and dynamic mechanical response improves with filler content. Thermogravimetric analysis shown that ceramic particles are beneficial to the nanocomposites' thermal stability. Glass transition temperature, determined via Differential Scanning Calorimetry, was found to slightly vary with filler content, in accordance with the results from dynamic mechanical and dielectric analysis, indicating the effect of interactions occurring between the constituents. Examined systems are suitable for energy storing/retrieving.

Keywords: dielectric properties; hybrid nanocomposites; magnetic response; multifunctionality; thermomechanical behavior.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images for the: (a) 5 phr SrFe12O19/10 phr BaTiO3/epoxy and (b) 50 phr SrFe12O19/10 phr BaTiO3/epoxy, nanocomposites.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XRD patterns of all studied systems and SrFe12O19, BaTiO3 powders.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Dielectric spectra of 10 phr SrFe12O19/10 phr BaTiO3/epoxy nanocomposite as a function of temperature and frequency for the: (a) real part of dielectric permittivity, (ε′), (b) loss tangent (tanδ) and (c) AC conductivity (σAC).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Dielectric spectra of 10 phr SrFe12O19/10 phr BaTiO3/epoxy nanocomposite as a function of temperature and frequency for the: (a) real part of dielectric permittivity, (ε′), (b) loss tangent (tanδ) and (c) AC conductivity (σAC).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Real part of dielectric permittivity as a function of frequency, at 30 °C, for all studied systems.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Imaginary part of electric modulus (a) and loss tangent (b) versus frequency for the 10 phr SrFe12O19/10 phr BaTiO3/epoxy nanocomposite. Notation of temperature is the same in both graphs.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Imaginary part of electric modulus (a) and loss tangent (b) versus frequency for the 40 phr SrFe12O19/10 phr BaTiO3/epoxy nanocomposite. Notation of temperature is the same with Figure 5.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Imaginary part of electric modulus versus temperature for all systems at 1 MHz.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Cole–Cole plots for the: (a) 10 phr SrFe12O19/10 phr BaTiO3/epoxy nanocomposite at several temperatures and (b) for all examined systems at 100 °C.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Relaxation time as a function of reciprocal temperature for α-relaxation process.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Relaxation time as a function of reciprocal temperature for β-relaxation process.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Relaxation time as a function of reciprocal temperature for the IDE process in the 40 phr SrFe12O19/10 phr BaTiO3/epoxy nanocomposite.
Figure 12
Figure 12
(a) Magnetic hysteresis loops for the nanocomposites with varying SrFe12O19 content. (b) The variation of magnetic saturation (Ms) and magnetic remanence (Mr) as a function of magnetic filler content.
Figure 13
Figure 13
(a) Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and fracture toughness for all studied systems versus filler content. (b) Storage modulus and loss modulus (inset) as a function of temperature for all studied systems.
Figure 14
Figure 14
DSC thermographs for all the studied systems.
Figure 15
Figure 15
(a) Charging (storing) energy, (b) discharging (retrieving) energy, and (c) the relative retrieved energy, as a function of time at room temperature.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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