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Review
. 2023 May;45(3):315-327.
doi: 10.1007/s00281-022-00971-3. Epub 2022 Nov 29.

The immunopathology of B lymphocytes during stroke-induced injury and repair

Mary K Malone  1 , Thomas A Ujas  1 , Daimen R S Britsch  1 , Katherine M Cotter  1 , Katie Poinsatte  2 , Ann M Stowe  3
Affiliations
Review

The immunopathology of B lymphocytes during stroke-induced injury and repair

Mary K Malone et al. Semin Immunopathol. 2023 May.

Abstract

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes or lymphoid lineage cells, are a historically understudied cell population with regard to brain-related injuries and diseases. However, an increasing number of publications have begun to elucidate the different phenotypes and roles B cells can undertake during central nervous system (CNS) pathology, including following ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. B cell phenotype is intrinsically linked to function following stroke, as they may be beneficial or detrimental depending on the subset, timing, and microenvironment. Factors such as age, sex, and presence of co-morbidity also influence the behavior of post-stroke B cells. The following review will briefly describe B cells from origination to senescence, explore B cell function by integrating decades of stroke research, differentiate between the known B cell subtypes and their respective activity, discuss some of the physiological influences on B cells as well as the influence of B cells on certain physiological functions, and highlight the differences between B cells in healthy and disease states with particular emphasis in the context of ischemic stroke.

Keywords: Adaptive immunity; Age-associated B cells; Antibodies; Ischemic stroke; Meninges; Neuroimmune.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overview of B cell subsets and their major functions. APCs, antigen-presenting cells
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Overview of age-associated B cells (ABCs), including a schematic of development within the spleen: (1) follicular B cells (FOB; also include MZ populations) receive signals from Th1-type cytokines or other nearby interactions, and (2) uptake either endogenous double-stranded (DS)DNA or RNA-associated antigen. (3) These antigens activate toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 and TLR7 and following several divisions and expression of T-bet become an ABC. ABCs can be found in several lymphoid organs, the meninges, and brain parenchyma
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
A Whole mount of meninges, with lymphatic vessels stained with Lyve1 (red), B cells stained with B220 (green), and nuclei by DAPI (blue) isolated 4 days following a 60-min tMCAo in an 8-week old male C57Bl6/J mouse. B–D Magnified images show B cells within lymphatic vessels after stroke. Images acquired on a Axioscan microscope
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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