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. 2022 Nov 15:13:1060607.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060607. eCollection 2022.

Harnessing the small intestinal axis to resolve systemic inflammation

Mark Bodmer  1 , Andrea Itano  1 , Iain McInnes  2
Affiliations

Harnessing the small intestinal axis to resolve systemic inflammation

Mark Bodmer et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

This Perspective presents the potential of the Small Intestinal Axis, a sub-division of the Gut-immune Axis, to modulate systemic inflammation based on sensing contents of the gut lumen. Gut mucosal immunity regulates tolerance to food and gut contents and is a significant factor in maintaining systemic homeostasis without compromising immunity to pathogens. This is achieved through anatomical structures and signaling pathways that link the tolerogenic potential of the proximal small intestine to systemic immunity. Non-live preparations of microbes isolated from human small intestinal mucosa, and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) which they shed, can resolve systemic inflammation without systemic exposure after oral delivery. The mechanism involves primary interactions with pattern recognition receptors followed by trafficking of immune cells through mesenteric lymph nodes. This generates in the periphery a population of circulating CD4+ T cells which have regulatory function but an atypical FoxP3- phenotype. There is no modification of the resident gut microbiome. Discoveries using this novel approach of targeting mucosal microbial elements to the tolerogenic proximal regions of the small intestine are revealing some of the mysteries of the relationship between the gut and immune system.

Keywords: T-cell; immunity; medicines; mucosa; oral tolerance; small intestine.

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Conflict of interest statement

MB and AI are employees of Evelo Biosciences Inc. IM is a non-executive member of the Board of Directors of the company. Authors MB and AI declare that this study received funding from Evelo Biosciences Inc. The funder was involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, and the decision to submit it for publication.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Three step model of inflammation resolution in the small intestinal axis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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