Conflict of interest: E.S.S. receives grant funding from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (20042801-Sub01), the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (U54MD010711-01), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to support projects within the Yale-Mayo Clinic Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI, U01FD005938), the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01 EB028106-01), and from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL151240). J.H. receives grant funding from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the National Institutes of Health, the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Johnson & Johnson, Delta Airlines, and the Department of Defense.